THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK &
HYPOTHESIS
Djoko Priyono, M.Kep
Theories
Are formulated to explain, predict, and
understand phenomena and, in many cases,
to challenge and extend existing
knowledge within the limits of critical
bounding assumptions.
The theoretical framework
 The theoretical framework is the structure that can
hold or support a theory of a research study. The
theoretical framework introduces and describes the
theory that explains why the research problem under
study exists.

 So, What’s different between Theories and Theoritical

Framework???
Example
TUGAS !!!

 Identifikasi Teori-teori yang digunakan dalam contoh penelitian yang anda punya!!!
 Identifikasi / pelajari kerangka teori dalam penelitian yang anda punya !!!

START . . . .
 The theoretical framework is most often not
something readily found within the literature. You
must review course readings and pertinent research
studies for theories and analytic models that are
relevant to the research problem you are
investigating.

 The selection of a theory should depend on its

appropriateness, ease of application, and explanatory
power.
The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the
following ways:

 An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the reader to evaluate them

critically.
 The theoretical framework connects the researcher to existing knowledge. Guided by a
relevant theory, you are given a basis for your hypotheses and choice of research
methods.
 Articulating the theoretical assumptions of a research study forces you to address
questions of why and how. It permits you to intellectually transition from simply
describing a phenomenon you have observed to generalizing about various aspects of
that phenomenon.
 Having a theory helps you identify the limits to those generalizations. A theoretical
framework specifies which key variables influence a phenomenon of interest and
highlights the need to examine how those key variables might differ and under what
circumstances.
Purpose of Theoritical Framework

 Means by which new research data can be interpreted and coded for future use,
 Response to new problems that have no previously identified solutions strategy,
 Means for identifying and defining research problems,
 Means for prescribing or evaluating solutions to research problems,
 Ways of discerning certain facts among the accumulated knowledge that are important and
which facts are not,
 Means of giving old data new interpretations and new meaning,
 Means by which to identify important new issues and prescribe the most critical research
questions that need to be answered to maximize understanding of the issue,
 Means of providing members of a professional discipline with a common language and a
frame of reference for defining the boundaries of their profession, and
 Means to guide and inform research so that it can, in turn, guide research efforts and
improve professional practice.
 However, you may not always be asked by your professor to test a specific
theory in your paper, but to develop your own framework from which your
analysis of the research problem is derived. Based upon the above example, it is
perhaps easiest to understand the nature and function of a theoretical framework if it is
viewed as an answer to two basic questions:

 What is the research problem/question? [e.g., "How should the individual and the
state relate during periods of conflict?"]
 Why is your approach a feasible solution? [i.e., justify the application of your choice
of a particular theory and explain why alternative constructs were rejected. I could
choose instead to test Instrumentalist or Circumstantialists models developed among
ethnic conflict theorists that rely upon socio-economic-political factors to explain
individual-state relations and to apply this theoretical model to periods of war between
nations].
VARIABLE

Dependent Variable Independent Variable

The variable that depends on The variable that is stable and
other factors that are unaffected by the other
measured. These variables are variables you are trying to
expected to change as a result measure. It refers to the
of an experimental condition of an experiment that
manipulation of the is systematically manipulated
independent variable or by the investigator. It is the
variables. It is the presumed presumed cause.
effect.
TIPS . . .!

 Don't feel bad if you are  You can do this with a simple
exercise from the website,
confused about what is Graphic Tutorial. Take the
the dependent variable sentence, "The [independent
and what is the variable] causes a change in
[dependent variable] and it is not
independent variable in possible that [dependent variable]
social and behavioral could cause a change in
sciences research. [independent variable]."
Hypothesis
 An hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. It
describes in concrete (rather than theoretical) terms what you
expect will happen in your study.
 Not all studies have hypotheses. Sometimes a study is
designed to be exploratory. There is no formal hypothesis,
and perhaps the purpose of the study is to explore some area
more thoroughly in order to develop some specific hypothesis
or prediction that can be tested in future research. A single
study may have one or many hypotheses.
 Actually, whenever I talk about an hypothesis, I am really thinking
simultaneously about two hypotheses. Let's say that you predict that
there will be a relationship between two variables in your study.

 The way we would formally set up the hypothesis test is to formulate

two hypothesis statements, one that describes your prediction and one
that describes all the other possible outcomes with respect to the
hypothesized relationship. Your prediction is that variable A and variable
B will be related (you don't care whether it's a positive or negative
relationship).
Kind Hypothesis
 Alternative hypothesis : hypothesis that  null hypothesis : hypothesis that
you support (your prediction). describes the remaining possible
outcomes the
 Ha / H1
 Ho / H0

Make a hypothesis from this tittle :

For example, a study designed to look at the relationship between sleep

deprivation and test performance.
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 Third bullet point here Class 2 76 88

Class 3 84 90
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