Anda di halaman 1dari 40

 An alkaline earth metal with valence 2

 Packed into BONES AND TEETH


 Present in EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (the liquid
around body cells) and WITHIN THE CELLS OF
SOFT TISSUES
 Regulating fluid balance by controlling the flow
of water in and out of cells
 Making it possible for cells to send massages
back and forth from one to another
 Keeping muscles moving smoothly and
preventing cramping
Ca is needed for :

• Intracellular and hormone-like signaling


• Neurotransmitter
• Muscle contraction
• For the regulation of cell growth and
differentiation
• Blood clotting
Absorption depend on :
• Vitamin D status
• Phosphate
• Sodium
• Animal protein intake
• Vitamin C
• Slows bone growth and mineralization in
childhood and adolescence
• Bone mineral loss in adults → increases the
risk of fractures
• Elevated blood pressure
• Essential for strong bones and teeth

• Need PHOSPHORUS to transmit the


genetic code (genes and chromosomes that carry
from one cell
information about human characteristic)
to another when cells divide and reproduce
In addition :
• Helps maintain the pH balance

• Vital for metabolizing carbohydrates,


synthesizing proteins, and carrying fats and
fatty acids among tissue and organs

• Part of myelin, the fatty sheath that


surrounds and protects each nerve cell
Participates in energy metabolism and storage (as ATP,
GTP, creatine phosphate, arginine phosphate, etc)
Deficiency
• Phosphate inadequacy ~ low food consumption
or starvation → OLD PEOPLE

• Accelerated bone mineral loss → osteoporosis


and increase fracture risk
Excessive Intake
• Phosphate intake ~ exceed Ca intake induce :
– parathyroid gland hyperplasia and parathyroid hormone
(PTH) secretion,
– impair vitamin D activation,
– accelerate bone mineral loss and fracture risk

• Extremely high intake → calcification of


extraosseous (non-bone) tissues, including arteries,
kidneys, muscles and tendons
• An alkaline earth metal with valence 2
• An essential cofactor for a large number reactions ~ ATP, GTP
• Part of > 300 different enzyme that trigger chemichal reactions throughout

human body
• Participates in muscle and nerve depolarization
• Stabilizes DNA and RNA
• A component of the mineral in bone
ADEQUATE SUPPLY → HEART HEALTHY,
because enables to convert food to
energy using less oxygen
DEFICIENCY
• SIGN
– Confusion, disorientation, personality changes, loss of
appetite, depression, muscle contractions and cramps,
tingling, numbness, hypertension, abnormal heart
rhythms, coronary spasm and seizure

• Induced by :
– diarrhea, malabsorption, vomiting, overuse of laxative
or diuretics medications, alcohol abuse, diabetes or
hyperparathyroidism
Excessive Intake
• > 350 mg from supplements and other
nonfood sources → diarrhea, nausea,
appetite loss, muscle weakness, mental
impairment, difficulty breathing, extremely
low blood pressure and irregular heartbeat

• Risk of toxicity is greater with impaired


kidney function
FUNCTION
• The main cationic osmolyte in blood and extracellular fluid

• Mediates active transport of numerous nutrients and


metabolites in intestines, kidney and many other tissues

• Enzyme cofactor

• Co-transport

• Signaling
Deficiency

• Intakes have to macth sodium losses


sweating and diuresis >>> → sodium needs ↑↑

• Low intake → dizziness and weakness due to


hypotension
• Excessive intake :
– Increase blood pressure, especially in
genetically susceptible individuals
and when other hypertensive factors
(obesity) are present
FUNCTION :
- Electrolyte balance
- Transport
- Acid production
hydrochloric acid in stomach contributes to protein digestion and
inactivation of ingested microorganism

- Enzyme activation
- Immune defense
Immune cells use directed release hypochlorous acid to combat
pathogens in blood and tissues
Deficiency

• Intakes have to macth sodium losses


sweating and diuresis >>> → sodium needs ↑↑

• Low intake → dizziness and weakness due to


hypotension
• Excessive intake :
– Increase blood pressure, especially in
genetically susceptible individuals
and when other hypertensive factors
(obesity) are present
A constituents of 3 amino acids : CYSTINE, CYSTEINE,
THIONINE
Most prevalent in insulin and in the keratin of skin, hair and nails
The tertiary structure of proteins is due in part to covalent
bonding between cysteine residues where the –SH groups are
oxidized to form disulfide bridges → important in the activity of
some enzyme
Occurs in carbohydrate ~ a component of heparin (an
anticoagulant found in liver and some other tissues), and of
chondroitin sulfate (found in bone and cartilage)

An essential component of 3 vitamins : thiamin, biotin and


pantothenic acid

Food Sources :
meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried beans, broccoli and
cauliflower
- Kalium, an alkali metal with valence 1
- The main cationic osmolyte within cells
- The element plays a major role in body electricity
maintenance of cellular polarity, neuronal signaling, heart
impulse transmission and muscle contraction

- Nutrient and metabolite transport


- Enzyme activation
REQUIREMENT:
Increased losses often due to use of certain
diuretics and laxatives
Inadequate intake (hypokalemia) → increased
risk of heart arrhytmia, muscle weakness,
paralysis, alkalosis (increased blood pH) and
eventually death
Higher than minimal intake → lowering the risk
of hypertension
Excessive Intake

• Rising plasma concentration (hyperkalemia)


→ muscle weakness, arrhytmia and
eventually death due to cardiac arrest

• The risk of hyperkalemia ~ high in patients


with renal failure

Anda mungkin juga menyukai