BASIC MUDLOGGING.

The Bit and Drill String

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004 by desianto PBATTU

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

 Komponen penting penyusun drill string :

– Drill pipe (DP)
– Heavy weight drill pipe (HWDP)
– Drilling Jars (Jars)
– Drill collars (DC)
– Crossovers (XO) and subs
– Stabilizers (Stab)
– Drill Bit
 Drill string berguna untuk :
– Menghubungkan rig dengan bit
– Menyalurkan rpm ,torque ke bit
– Memungkinkan untuk mengadakan sirkulasi lumpur

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

 Untuk keadaan2 tertentu drill string sering

dilengkapi dengan alat2 sbb:
- Mud Motor/Turbine
- Bent Sub
- Rotary Steerable System
- Hole Opener/Underreamer
- Measurement While Drilling/Logging While Drilling
(MWD/LWD) tools

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

 To replace the bit – tripping for the bit

 Pulling pipe out = Tripping out, or POOH
 Running pipe in = Tripping in, or RIH
 Short Trip = Trip to previous casing shoe, also wiper trip
 Round Trip = trip to surface, then back to bottom
 Adding pipe whilst drilling = Making a connection
 Taking pipe out during drilling = Laying down pipe (normally
caused by hole problems)

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

 Alat ini berguna untuk membukan formasi

 Terdiri dari berbagai jenis
 Tipenya tergantung dari jens kebutuhan
 Bit performance tergantung dari jenis formasi
 Salah di dalam memilih bit akan berakibat kpd
efisiensi waktu dan pemborosan biaya
 Penentuan bit akan berpengaruh terhadap
kualitascutting dan evaluasi terhadap pore
pressure /tekanan formasi

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

 Semua bit dibuat berdasarkan spesifikasi

API dan memiliki karakter berbeda
 Tri Cone rock bits
– Milled Tooth Bit
– Insert Bit
 Fixed cutter bits
– PDC - Polycrystalline Diamond Compact
– TSP - Thermally Stable Polycrystalline
Diamond
– Natural Diamond

Tri Cone rock bit ready to

run in hole
ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004
 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

Cutting terbentuk dari bit yang menggilas

formasi.Di bit itu sendiri terdapat bagian2
yg dapat membantu kelancaran proses
pemboran.Misalnya nozzle yg berfungsi
untuk mendorong cutting yang melekat
Toothed Rock Bit Insert Bit
di bit pada saat terjadinya benturan antara
bit dengan formasi.

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

Toothed Bit

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

Insert Bit

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

KELEBIHAN INSERT BIT

a. cutting terbentuk dari penggerusan
oleh bit terhadap formasi
b. drilling efisiensi akan lebih baik
apabila kita mengebor di daerah
dominan shale,tetapi skrg tipe
modern dpt digunakan di berbagai
jenis litologi (kebanyakan sedimen)
c. mahal tetapi pengeboran akan
berlangsung cepat dan efisiensi
hidraulik juga dapat terjaga.

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

Diamond Bit

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

Polycrystalline Diamond
Compact (PDC) Bit

PDC cutter
Cutting surface

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

 Keuntungan utk mengetahui

performance bit akan membantu
kita untuk mengevaluasi ROP dan
kualitas cutting.
 tentunya kita harus menanyakan
tentang keadaan formasi yg akan di
drilling kpd drilling enginer
 bandingkan performance bit yg
digunakan untuk mengebor di
sekitar daerah itu (dari data well
log)
 cek data-data tentang bit tersebut

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

 Ini adalah contoh report dari bit yg sudah dirunning dari sebuah well,biasanya laporan ini
bisa di dapatkan dari drilling supervisor report.
 Driller juga sering menyimpan laporan ttg bit dalam bentuk IADC sheet.
 Setiap bit akan berbeda ketahanannya dalam artian berapa kali bit itu diruning sampai
mengalami aus dan rusak.
– NB5 – Artinya bit baru nomor 5.
– RRB6.2 – Artinya bit yang dirunning lagi dengan nomor 6.
– NB4 RR2 – Artinya bit ini sudah dua kali direrun,bit nomor 4.
 Perusahaan pembuat bit biasanya juga berperan penting,diantaranya :
– Smith International (STC)
– Baker Hughes (also known as HTC)
– Security (Abbreviated to SEC)
– Hycalog (Hyc) are put on the Masterlog Bit Data

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

 Data2 yg tak kalah penting :

Ukuran nozzle/TFA: ukuran nozzle biasanya dibandingkan dgn 32inch (usually rock
bits) or Total Flow Area, in inches2, of watercourses (diamond/PDC bits).
‘Nozzles 3 x16’, for example, means that three nozzle of 16/32
each were installed. These items are important in the
study of system hydraulics.
Depth In/Out: Start/end depth of bit run; these should be used as official
depths and noted on the Master Log.
Bit Parameters: Primarily Weight on Bit (WOB), Rotary Speed (RPM)
and hours on bit (usually hours rotating on bottom).

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

 The IADC bit grading code is a standard way of measuring wear on the bit,
allowing comparison around the world.
 Grading is carried out by Drilling Supervisor, Driller or Drilling Engineer
 Wear is graded on 0 (new) to 8 (completely worn) scale, with primary dull
characteristics noted; gauge (OD) reduction and reason for pulling bit are
also noted

T B G REMARKS
CUTTING STRUCTURE BEARINGS GAUGE
nner Rows Outer Dull Char. (D) Location (L) Bearing Seal Gauge 1/16 Other Dull Reason Pulled (R)
(I) Rows (O) (B) (G) (O)

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 BASIC MUDLOGGING.

Box end

 A joint of drill pipe (DP) is:-

Tool Joint
– Made of special alloy steel
– Main body usually 5” or 3½” in diameter
– Hard facing around tool joints
– One end ‘pin’ other end ‘box’
– Called a single (two = double; three = stand) Pin end

– Usually made up in stands of three

 Heavyweight Drillpipe (HWDP)
– Stronger with narrower ID
– Longer tool joints Tool Joint
– Usually part of BHA
ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004
 Spiral BASIC
Drill Collars
MUDLOGGING .

 Drill Collars (DC)

– Make up majority of BHA
– Small internal ID, all same OD
– Give weight to BHA to keep drillstring
in tension
– Some collars have spiral grooves on
outside to give less surface area -
prevents sticking to borehole wall
– ‘Made up’ in stands of three

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

 Can have a number of different

components
 Configuration of BHA changes
depending on requirements

Drill Collars are used to:

1. Keep most of the drill
string in tension when
weight is applied to the bit
2. Provide added strength
and reduce buckling in the
section of drill string
under compression

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

Stabilizers
BASIC MUDLOGGING.

 Stabilisers are placed in the

BHA to reduce or enhance
the tendency of the hole to
deviate from a tangent
(straight) path

 Depending on requirements,
one, two or three stabilizers
may be used

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

Downhole Motors/Turbines
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

Turbines rotate at high speed,

usually from 500 to 1000 RPM,
depending on fluid flow rate.
These speeds tend to overheat
and damage the bearings of
conventional rolling-cone bits, so
operators prefer to use diamond
bits with turbines.
PDMs can run at speeds from
100-1500 RPM, depending on
fluid flow rate and rotor shape.
They tend to be more suitable for
directional drilling with
conventional bits.

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

BHAs BASIC
and Deviation Control
MUDLOGGING .

In directional drilling, special tools tend to be used most often in the initial
phases of deviation, or where complex curvature profiles are required.
Outside of these conditions, much of the directional control is obtained by
configuring the BHA to either take advantage of, or limit, the natural
tendency of the bit to ‘walk’ off a tangent.

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

BHA Types
BASIC MUDLOGGING.

 Packed BHA - BHA with four or five stabilizers to maintain current hole
angle.
 Pendulum assembly - BHA with stabilizer away from bit. In theory the
lower part of the BHA acts like a pendulum and the hole angle should reduce.
 Slick BHA - BHA with no, or only one, stabilizer.
 Building assembly - Used to build hole angle.
 Kick off assembly - usually a mud motor or turbine in combination with a
bent sub and strategically placed stabilizers. Used to initiate a kick off in a
planned deviated well or sidetrack.

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

Initiating Deviation
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

The most common device

used to kick off deviated
drilling is the simple bent
sub. This requires that a
downhole motor or turbine
be used to rotate the bit.
In some cases a wedge
device called a whipstock
may be used.

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

Controlling Deviation by Stabilizer Placement
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

Single-Stabilizer BHAs (primarily angle-dropping)
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

Two-Stabilizer BHAs (primarily angle-building)
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

Three-Stabilizer BHAs (primarily angle-holding)
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

Controlling Deviation
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

For deviation control in complex

wellbore paths, active devices
known as Rotary Steerable
Systems may be used. Several
different technologies are
available, depending on the
vendor.
The Schlumberger PowerDrive®
RSS (shown at right) uses
hydraulically-actuated pads to
adjust the angle and azimuth
while drilling.

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

DrillingBASIC
Jars MUDLOGGING
.

Jars are devices used to deliver an

impact load to other down hole Dailey®
components, especially when the the Hydraulic Jar
components are stuck. There are two
main types, hydraulic and
mechanical jars. In both types,
energy is stored in the jars and
suddenly released when it ‘fires’.
The jar fires by allowing one section
of the jar to rapidly move relative to
a second, much the same way that
one end of a stretched spring moves
when released. After a few inches of
movement, this moving section or
‘hammer’ strikes a steel ‘anvil’,
imparting the jarring effect.
ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004
Hole Openers
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

 Hole Openers are

often used in tophole
to make hole more
efficiently

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

Underreamers
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

An underreamer is similar to a
hole opener but has retractable
arms containing the cutting
structure. Thus the underreamer
can be passed through a small-
diameter restriction, such as a
casing string, before the
underreaming operations begin.

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 Mud-Pulse MWD
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

• Contained in a special drill collar

made of Monel (a nickel alloy) or
other non-magnetic material
• Measures deviation and/or
formation properties such as resistivity
and natural gamma ray emissions
• Data transmitted to surface as mud
pressure pulses
• Pulse valve is electrically driven by
mud-powered turbine generator
• Pulses are read as binary code by
surface receiver

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

 Electromagnetic MWD
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

Transmitter- Earth
Receiver
• Contained in a special drill collar Antenna

made of Monel (a nickel alloy) or

other non-magnetic material
• Measures deviation and/or
formation properties such as resistivity
and natural gamma ray emissions
Bi-directional
• Data transmitted to surface as Transmission
electromagnetic wave
• Tool and transmitter are powered by
lithium batteries
• Variations of injected current are read
as binary code by surface transmitter
Emitting
Injected
Antenna Drill Bit Current

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004

Downhole Motors/Turbines
BASIC MUDLOGGING .

In directional drilling, turbines or motors allow rotation of the bit while the
drill string remains oriented in a certain direction. The flow of drilling mud
drives both devices.
A down hole turbine consists of several stages, each made up of a bladed rotor
and cylindrical stator. The rotors connect to a drive shaft that in turn connects
to the bit. Drilling fluid pumped through the turbine blades spins the rotors,
shaft, and bit.
A Positive Displacement Mud Motor (PDM) consists of a spiral-shaped steel
rotor, round or lobed in cross- section, enclosed in a rubber stator with a spiral
cavity.

ML3.3.1B_Bit_Drillstring.PPT 22 July 2004