Introduction to

Telecommunications
 Applications of Telecommunications

Business
Telecommunications • Centralized
• Distributed
• Client/server
Telecommunications • Interorganizational
Architectures • Global

Electronic commu- Electronic meeting Business process

nications system systems systems

• Electronic mail • Desktop Video • Online transaction

• Voice mail conferencing processing
• Bulletin Board systems • Decision room • Inquiry/Response
• Videotex conferencing • EDI / XML
• Fascimile • Computer • Electronic Funds Transfer
• Public Information Service conferencing • Activity monitoring
• Teleconferencing • Process control
• Telecommuting
 Trends
Industry trends
Towards a greater number of competitive vendors, carriers, alliances
and telecommunications network services.

Technology trends
Towards open and interconnected local and global digital networks for voice,
data and video, using high-speed fiber-optics and satellites.

Application Trends

Towards a pervasive use of the internet and enterprise and interorganizational

intranets, to support collaborative computing, online business operations and
strategic advantage in local and global markets.
 Technological Developments
General trend: Connect everybody to everybody else.
• Internet-network technologies
– thousands new hardware- and software products
– web-browsers, HTML- editors, firewalls
• Open systems: based on standards
– connectivity of systems: middleware
– OSI, TCP/IP
• Digital technologies
– higher transmission speed
– larger information streams
– more efficient transmission method
– less errors
 Internet Revolution
• Explosive growth
• Terminology
– WWW: inquiry sources of information via
graphical browser software
– E-mail: electronic mail
– Usenet: place messages on bulletin board
– IRC: real time dialogs
– FTP: file transfer
– Telnet: login on other systems
– Other: telephone, video conferencing, ...
 Telecommunication model
• Terminals
– terminal, office equipment , telephones , ...
• Telecommunications processors
– modems, multiplexers, front-end processors, ...
• Telecommunications channels and media
– copper wires, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables,
satellites, ...
• Computers
– host computers, front-end computers, network servers,
...
• Telecommunications control software
– telecommunication monitors, network operating
systems, ...
 Telecommunication Components
5 components

Telecom
Channels and Media
Telecommunications
software
Telecom Telecom
processors processors
End-user
workstation Computers
PC-workstation PC-workstation
LAN
PC-workstation
Databases and
Software packages

Shared hard disk

Network
Server

Shared
printer
PC-workstation PC-workstation PC-workstation

Port to
other networks
 WAN - Internetwork
LAN’s Mainframe,
hosts

network
in US
network
in Europe

LAN’s

Internet
Tymnet

network
in Australia
Cisco corporation network
 Client/server network
Company A
Internet
Router
Firewall
Intranet

Firewall

Router

Company B
Intranet

Mainframe host system

 Client - Server

Clients

DB. Print CAD comm.

server server server server

Clients

DB. O.A. comm.

server server server
The Internetwork-enterprise
The Internet

Intranets
Extranets
Enterprise

Intranets Intranets

Client Supplier

Intranets
Electronic Commerce
Other Organizations
 Media and Channels
• Signals Medium Transmission speed
– analog Metal wire .0012Mbps - 10 Mbps
– digital Microwave .256 Mbps - 100Mbps
• Cables Fiber optics .5Mbps - 1,000Mbps
– Twisted-pair interference
– Coaxial cable 20x more expensive
5.500 simultaneous phone calls
– Fiber-optic
1 fiber 30.000 phone calls
• Wireless
– microwave
– satellites
• Radio, Infrared, Cellular Radio, Mobile computing
• GPS global positioning system
 Communication hardware
• Modems 9.600 14.400 28.800 bps
• Transmission mode
– Simplex 1 circuit , 1 direction
– Half-duplex 1 circuit, 2 directions, difficult co-
ordination
– Full duplex 2 circuits, 2 directions
• Transmission accurateness
– parity bits forward and backward error correction
• Processors
– multiplexers frequency, time or statistic time distribution
– front-end processors to handle routine communication
tasks with peripheral equipment
 Network Topology

• Star
– all communications go via the central system
• Bus
– can easily be extended at the ends
• Ring
– more secure
 Star network
With direct
connections

Point-to-point lines

- Efficient , also for high speeds

- With a large number of workstations cabling might be a problem
 Bus network
Shared usage of a
broadband network

Multidrop lines

- more complex hardware

- simpler cabling system
 Ring Networks

Ring Network

- more equal basis

 Public data networks

PAD =
Packet Assembler
and Disassembler Data Network

PAD

E.g..: DCS 1000 - 6000 char/sec , cost / volume data ( X25 )

Due to high connection cost ($ 30.000 year) usage of PAD
 ISDN

ISDN ISDN
Integrated services
Digital network

- universal network for telephone and data

- > 6000 char/sec
 Open systems
Definition: An open system is a system where the design has
not been made by a supplier but by an accredited
standardization organization (eg: ISO , IEEE , ANSI ,
CODASYL , ... )

• This provides the user a better independence from a

specific hardware or software supplier and therefore a
better guarantee for his investments.
• It allows the user to make always the most appropriate and
optimal choice for each of the sub-systems .
• Open systems are not yet sufficiently available on the
market.
• The best examples are UNIX and the OSI network model
Thanks for the Patience