Management

administration & supervision october 2017 1

• The term "management" may also refer to those people who manage an
organization.

administration & supervision october 2017 2

 Henri Fayol

"to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organize, to command, to

coordinate and to control."

administration & supervision october 2017 3

 Fredmund Malik

"the transformation of resources into utility.“

• Management included as one of the factors of production – along with

machines, materials and money.

administration & supervision october 2017 4

 Ghislain Deslandes

“a vulnerable force, under pressure to achieve results and endowed with the
triple power of constraint, imitation and imagination, operating on subjective,
interpersonal, institutional and environmental levels”.

administration & supervision october 2017 5

 Peter Drucker

the basic task of management as twofold: marketing and innovation.

He identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but
management and marketing are generally understood as two different
branches of business administration knowledge.

administration & supervision october 2017 6

 characteristics:

1. It is a process or series of continuing and related activities.

2. It involves and concentrates on reaching organizational goals.
3. It reaches these goals by working with and through people and other
organizational resources.

administration & supervision october 2017 7

6 Types of Management Styles for Effective
Leadership

administration & supervision october 2017 8

 How to Be a Good Manager

Being a good manager in today’s innovative, information-rich workplaces

means getting the right information and making the most of it.

administration & supervision october 2017 9

 So, what makes a good manager?

• The best managers know it isn’t about systems and theories – it’s about
people.

• They know the rules – and when to break them.

• They know when to be flexible and when to hold the line.
• They know which management styles suit different situations and various
types of teams.
administration & supervision october 2017 10
 Daniel Goleman

put forward the idea of six leadership styles in the early 2000s.

(The exact number of types isn’t the point; various experts break down
management styles into many (or few) categories.)

administration & supervision october 2017 11

“SMART leaders know they
have something to learn
from everyone”
administration & supervision october 2017 12
 Autocratic Management Style

Let’s get this strictly (and old-fashioned) management style out of

the way first – and quickly!
Though it is the best choice in certain extreme environments, this
leadership method does little to influence worker creativity and
facilitate growth.
It also carries with it considerable planning, communication, and
oversight costs.

administration & supervision october 2017 13

 Definition

Any leader with a “Because I told you so…” mentality.

Authoritative leadership means a manager takes complete

control of (and responsibility for) a situation.

administration & supervision october 2017 14

 Application

This directive leadership style can suit your team when members
have little or no experience.
It also becomes necessary in high-risk fields.
For example, firefighters parachuting out of airplanes into wildfires need to
follow orders without question or delay.

administration & supervision october 2017 15

• If your situation calls for an authoritative management style, use the path-goal
method of leadership.

• Set (and communicate) clear and immediate goals for your team. Ensure they
know exactly how to carry out your instructions – and have all the resources they
need.
• Everyone in your team should understand their roles and responsibilities – and how
to handle any obstacles that may arise.

administration & supervision october 2017 16

SMART managers shift from strict,
top-down methods to other, more flexible,
leadership styles.

administration & supervision october 2017 17

 Suitability

• Military Deployments
• Search and Rescue Operations
• Heavy Industry
• Sensitive Laboratory Experiments
• Emergency Rooms/Surgical Settings
administration & supervision october 2017 18
 Affiliative Management Style

Affiliative managers promote connection and harmony between team

members.
They solve personality conflicts between team members, praise good work,
and maintain healthy morale.

administration & supervision october 2017 19

 Definition

Management researchers associate the affiliative approach to leadership with

the creation of trusting relationships.

Imagine the faltering but talented team in the first act of your favorite sports
movie. The coach comes in, helps everyone work together, and makes something
great out of an impossible situation.

administration & supervision october 2017 20

 Application

Use affiliative management when creating a new team from scratch (unlike
authoritative management, which works best when introducing new workers
into existing, high-risk environments).

Give everyone time to learn their roles and work out the personality conflicts
which naturally arise in the early stages of team development.

administration & supervision october 2017 21

When reorganizing a department, take special care to understand how each team
member works best.

Some people will want to work in the comfortable places they created
for themselves under previous systems and managers

Others see transitions as opportunities for rapid change – and address their pet
irritations.
administration & supervision october 2017 22
Smart managers take things slowly. They
challenge rooted workers to adapt and help
creative types remain patient.

administration & supervision october 2017 23

 Healthy change takes time.

Group unity requires trust, which is only earned over time.

Affiliative leaders stand in the middle of the seesaw – leaning to one side or
the other to create balance.
They know everyone needs to feel a little uncomfortable during times of
instability – but no one should feel out-of-place or unappreciated

administration & supervision october 2017 24

 Suitability

Some managers believe poor performance goes unnoticed (or, at least,

unchallenged) by affiliative managers.
Use this style of leadership carefully, just as you would the authoritative
leadership style.

administration & supervision october 2017 25

Use extreme patience and open-mindedness to heal your team and get them
back on track.
Employ affiliative management techniques when team members need to
identify their strengths and weaknesses, sort out their roles and
responsibilities, and put aside their ego battles.
When things start working smoothly again, transition into a more goal-based
management style and challenge your team to increase their productivity
and efficiency!

administration & supervision october 2017 26

 Coaching Management Style

Leaders and managers act as coaches to inspire, encourage, and guide their
teams to greater outputs and efficiencies.

administration & supervision october 2017 27

 Definition

Coaching leaders balance authoritative and affiliative management styles.

They make decisions themselves, but with feedback from the group.
They facilitate positive interactions between team members but also let
people know where they stand.

administration & supervision october 2017 28

 Application

The coaching model works best with maturing teams.

Managers that work with new teams (or departments in transition) can shift
from affiliative to coaching leadership styles once their teams get through the
early phases of development (i.e. personality conflicts).
Once teams experience success and learn to work well together, they can
benefit from a greater level of managerial expectation

administration & supervision october 2017 29

Smart leaders know when their teams
have the interrelation and trust to handle new
challenges and new responsibilities
administration & supervision october 2017 30
 Suitability

Coaching works best with employees who have demonstrated competency

and earned their coworkers’ trust.
Use this hybrid model to guide teams toward higher performance after using
an extremely strict or compassionate management style to accommodate
new employees

administration & supervision october 2017 31

 Democratic Management Style

Democratic leaders value listening, collaboration, and investment.

They allow people time and space to create the best possible products and
services

administration & supervision october 2017 32

 Definition

Simply put, democratic leadership involves getting everyone’s consent on

decisions.

administration & supervision october 2017 33

 Suitability

Democratic leaders work best in situations where time and resources don’t
limit brainstorming and debate.
However, even teams in rigid and dangerous environments can benefit from
occasional democratic decisions.

administration & supervision october 2017 34

 Pacesetting Management Style

Pacesetting leaders use their experience in a certain market to get the most
they can from highly-motivated workers

administration & supervision october 2017 35

 Definition

Often high achievers themselves, pacesetters lead by example and ask a lot
from their followers.
They set high standards, though they lead best by setting both short and long-
term goals

administration & supervision october 2017 36

 Application

Unlike other management styles, this strategy often involves restraining

achievers with big egos to avoid burnout and increase sustainability.
Leaders who embrace this method often use detailed performance metrics to
get the best possible outputs from their teams.
Certain employees in certain fields (such as sales) thrive when recognized and
rewarded for their specific achievements.

administration & supervision october 2017 37

Pacesetting has a hidden benefit:
encouraging overachievers to work hard and remain aware of long-term
perspectives.

By setting reasonable goals, they can avoid costly employee burnout and
turnover.

administration & supervision october 2017 38

 Suitability

In fast-paced environments such as sales, certain production facilities, and

food service/retail, serving a large number of customers (or creating a great
number of widgets) matters.

administration & supervision october 2017 39

Smart managers balance the need for high
performance while nurturing healthy
competition – not an unhealthy passion with
short-term results
administration & supervision october 2017 40
 Visionary Management Style

When managers need teams to invest heavily, but

situations don’t allow for democratic leadership,
visionaries rise to the occasion.

administration & supervision october 2017 41

 Definition

Visionary leaders help people see the impossible as possible.

They facilitate engagement and inspire trust in high-risk, high-reward
settings.

administration & supervision october 2017 42

 Application

Visionary leadership relies on strong central leadership to maintain organization.

If you use this tactic, you can realize incredible results and experience massive
organizational growth.

However, you must take time to listen.

administration & supervision october 2017 43

 Smart visionaries
know when to inspire – and
when to empower.
administration & supervision october 2017 44
 Putting It All Together

• You may resound with one or many of these management styles.

• If you find something valuable in all of these methods, take a second look.
• Narrow your ideas down to the few that suit your industry and team the best.
• No one wants to be the saying manager who tries to implement a great new idea every Monday morning.
• On the other hand, if you recognize yourself as only one of these management types, consider them all.
• Stick with your strengths but remember that every problem seems like a nail when all you have is a
hammer.
• Pick one or two management styles that seem opposed to your way of doing things and find ways to test
them out. Start with rare, low-risk situations and see how your team reacts to a change of pace.

administration & supervision october 2017 45

 At the end of the day

management is all about balance.

Find it in yourself, your leadership style(s) –

and stand-in it in your team. Ultimately, you
aren’t just leading – you’re modeling wisdom
for future leaders!
administration & supervision october 2017 46
 Functions of Management

Different experts have classified functions of

management.
”.

administration & supervision october 2017 47

 George & Jerry,
“There are four fundamental functions of management :

planning, organizing, actuating and controlling

Henry Fayol,
“To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, & to
control
administration & supervision october 2017 48
Luther Gullick

keyword ’POSDCORB’ where P stands for Planning, O

for Organizing, S for Staffing, D for Directing, Co for Co-
ordination, R for reporting & B for Budgeting.

But the most widely accepted are functions of

management given by KOONTZ and O’DONNEL
i.e. Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Cont
rolling
administration & supervision october 2017 49
administration & supervision october 2017 50
administration & supervision october 2017 51
For theoretical purposes, it may be
convenient to separate the function of
management but practically these
functions are overlapping in nature i.e.
they are highly inseparable.
Each function blends into the other &
each affects the performance of others.
administration & supervision october 2017 52
 Planning

It is the basic function of management.

It deals with chalking out a future course of action & deciding in advance the most
appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined goals.

administration & supervision october 2017 53

 According to KOONTZ,

“Planningis deciding in advance - what to do,

when to do & how to do. It bridges the gap from
where we are & where we want to be”

administration & supervision october 2017 54

 Organizing

It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and

human resources and developing productive relationship
amongst them for achievement of organizational goals.

administration & supervision october 2017 55

 According to Henry Fayol

• , “To organize a business is to provide it with everything useful or its

functioning i.e. raw material, tools, capital and personnel’s”.
• To organize a business involves determining & providing human and non-
human resources to the organizational structure

administration & supervision october 2017 56

 Organizing as a process involves:
1. Identification of activities.
2. Classification of grouping of activities.
3. Assignment of duties.
4. Delegation of authority and creation of
responsibility.
5. Coordinating authority and
responsibility relationships.
administration & supervision october 2017 57
 Staffing

It is the function of manning the organization structure

and keeping it manned.
The main purpose o staffing is to put right man on
right job
i.e. square pegs in square holes and round pegs in
round holes.
administration & supervision october 2017 58
 According to Kootz & O’Donell

“Managerial function of staffing involves

manning the organization structure
through proper and effective selection,
appraisal & development of personnel to
fill the roles designed un the structure”.
administration & supervision october 2017 59
 Staffing involves:
•Manpower Planning (estimating man power in terms of
searching, choose the person and giving the right place).
•Recruitment, Selection & Placement.
•Training & Development.
•Salary.
•Performance Appraisal.
•Promotions & Transfer.

administration & supervision october 2017 60

 Directing

It is that part of managerial function which motivates the organizational

methods to work efficiently for achievement of organizational purposes.
It is considered life-spark of the enterprise which sets it in motion the action
of people because planning, organizing and staffing are the mere
preparations for doing the work.

administration & supervision october 2017 61

Direction is that inert-personnel
aspect of management which
deals directly with influencing,
guiding, supervising, motivating
subordinate for the achievement
62

of organizational goals
administration & supervision october 2017
 Direction has following elements

•Supervision
•Motivation
•Leadership
•Communication
administration & supervision october 2017 63
Supervision- implies overseeing the work of subordinates by their
superiors. It is the act of watching & directing work & workers.
Motivation- means inspiring, stimulating or encouraging the sub-ordinates
with zeal to work. Positive, negative, monetary, non-monetary incentives
may be used for this purpose.
Leadership- may be defined as a process by which manager guides and
influences the work of subordinates in desired direction.
Communications- is the process of passing information, experience,
opinion etc from one person to another. It is a bridge of understanding.
administration & supervision october 2017 64
 Controlling

It implies measurement of accomplishment against the standards and

correction of deviation if any to ensure achievement of organizational goals.
The purpose of controlling is to ensure that everything occurs in
conformities with the standards.
An efficient system of control helps to predict deviations before they actually
occur.
administration & supervision october 2017 65
 According to Theo Haimann

“Controlling is the process of checking whether

or not proper progress is being made towards
the objectives and goals and acting if
necessary, to correct any deviation”
administration & supervision october 2017 66
 According to Koontz & O’Donell

“Controlling is the measurement & correction of

performance activities of subordinates in order to make
sure that the enterprise objectives and plans desired to
obtain them as being accomplished

administration & supervision october 2017 67

 Therefore controlling has following steps:

1. Establishment of standard performance.

2.Measurement of actual performance.

3.Comparison of actual performance with the standards and finding out deviation if any.

4.Corrective action.

administration & supervision october 2017 68