Thermodynamic

processes and
derivation
Irreversible and reversible
processes
 Irreversible:Initial system state is unstable
or metastable and spontaneous change
in the system yields a system with a lower-
energy final state.

 Reversible: Both initial and final states are

stable equilibrium states and the path
between them is a continuous sequence
of equilibrium states.
First Law of Thermodynamics
 The increase in internal energy as a result of heat
absorbed is diminished by the amount of work done on
the surroundings:
dEi = dq - dw = dq – PdV
By convention, heat added to the system, dq, is
positive and work done by the system, dw, on its
surroundings is negative
Thermodynamic Process
• States of a thermodynamic system can be changed by
interacting with its surrounding through work and heat.
When this change occurs in a system, it is said that the
system is undergoing a process.

• A thermodynamic cycle is a sequence of different

processes that begins and ends at the same
thermodynamic state.

• Some sample processes:

 Isothermal process: temperature is constant T=C
 Isobaric process: pressure is constant, P=C
 Isentropic process: entropy is constant, s=C
 Constant-volume process: v=C
 Adiabatic process: no heat transfer, Q=0
 Process-1
 Use ideal gas assumption (closed system):
 Isothermal process: T=constant
Energy balance U=Q-W, for ideal gas U=H=0
since both are functions of temperature only
mRT 2 dV
Q=W, W=  PdV   V dV  mRT 1 V
V   P 
 mRT ln  2   mRT ln  1 
 V1   P2 
 Isobaric process: P=constant
2
U=Q-W, W=  PdV=P  dV=P(V2  V1 )
1

Q  U  P (V2  V1 )  (U 2  U 1 )  P (V2  V1 )
 (U 2  PV2 )  (U1  PV1 )  H 2  H1  H
Process-2
 Constant volume process: V=constant
Q-W=U, W=  PdV  0, no work done
Q=U=mu=m  c dT v

 Adiabatic process: Q=0

Q-W=U, -W=U
- W=dU (infinitesimal increment of work and energy)
 mRT 
dU+PdV=0, mc v dT    dV  0
 V 
 RT  cv dT dV
cv dT    dV  0,   , integrate and assume
 V  R T V
c v =constant
Rc k 1
cv T   V  T2 V  v V 
ln  2    ln  2  ,  1   1 
R  T1   V1  T1  V2   V2 
Process -3
k 1
T2 V 
 1  , from ideal gas relation
T1  V2 
V   T1  P2
PV=RT,  1   , substitute
 V2   T2  P1
k 1 k 1
T2  T  P  T 
  1  2  , multiply  2  from both sides
T1   T2   P1    T1 
( k 1) k
T2 P  k  P2   V1 
 2  , and   
T1  P1   1   2 
P V
k k
Also PV
1 1  P2V2 and pV k  cons tan t
For an ideal gas undergoing adiabatic process
Process-4
k 1
T2 V 
 1  , from ideal gas relation
T1  V2 
V   T1  P2
PV=RT,  1   , substitute
 V2   2  1
T P
k 1 k 1
T2  T  P  T 
  1  2  , multiply  2  from both sides
T1   T2   P1    T1 
( k 1) k
T2  P  k  P2   V1 
 2  , and   
T1  P1   P1   V2 
k k
Also PV
1 1  P2V2 and pV k  cons tan t
For an ideal gas undergoing adiabatic process
PV
1 1
n
 P2V2n  PV n

2 2

 PdV  ( PV
n
W   1 1
n
)V dV
1 1

P V  PV
2 n
( PV
1 1 )
 ( PV n
) V n
dV  (V21 n  V11 n )  2 2 1 1

1 n 1 n
1 1
1
LETS DO SOME NUMERICALS