CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
Writing Chapter 3: Methodology
Objectives:
◦Identify components of Chapter 3
◦Define each component
◦Evaluate a sample research methodology
Subheadings of Chapter 3
◦ Introduction
◦ Research Design
◦ Population and Sampling Technique
◦ Demographic Profile of the Respondents
◦ Instrumentation
◦ Data Gathering Procedure
◦ Ethical Consideration
◦ Statistical Treatment
Future or Past tense?
◦Proposals- future tense
◦Final Report-past tense
Introduction
◦Introducing the chapter by mentioning the following:
◦ Research design
◦ Setting
◦ Population
◦ Sample
◦ Data-collection instrument
Example:
◦This chapter deals with research methodology of the
study, including the research design, setting…..
Research Design
◦State the type of research design.
◦Mention the type of quantitative research design-
descriptive, experimental?
◦ descriptive- correlational, comparative, survey…etc.)
◦Use reference to define the meaning of the chosen
research design
Example:
This study uses descriptive-correlational design to
describe the status of school governance, define the
level of succession planning and management as a
mediating variable, and to examine the relationship
between those variables among the school leaders of
SDA schools in ASEAN region.
Descriptive-correlational design “seeks to describe the
relationship among the variables without attempting to
infer causal connections” (Polit & Beck, 2010). It is a
subtype of correlational research with the primary aim of
examining relationships between variable (Gray, Grove, &
Sutherland, 2017). Since this study does not seek to
explain nor to understand the underlying causes of the
variables of interest, then this design fits the study best.
This chosen design is the best way to finalize the result and
prove or disprove the hypotheses since the design asks the
respondents about the perception in a structured way
through the pen and paper test…
Population and Sampling Techniques
◦A population is a group of individuals that have the
same characteristics
◦A sample is a subgroup of the target population that
the researcher plans to study for the purpose of
making generalizations about the target population
Example:
◦The administrators and middle managers of
Seventh-day Adventist educational institutions in
ASEAN particularly under the Southern Asia Pacific
Division (SSD) served as the population of this
study.
This study uses multi-stage sampling. Multi-stage
sampling refers to sampling plans where sampling is
carried out in stages using smaller and smaller units at
each stage (Crano, Brewer, & Lac, 2014). Initially, there
was a simple random sampling…defined using reference.
However, assessing several factors which were identified,
the researcher utilized purposive sampling, since not
everyone from chosen schools could participate due to
the set criteria:
Table 3.
The Distribution and Retrieval of Instruments
Union Fields Mission Distributed Retrieved % Retrieved
Instruments
CPUC 1 20 145
EIUC 1 14 105
NPUC 5 30 245
SPUC 3 25 196
SAUM 2 10 84
SLM 0 4 28
WIUM 2 14 112
17 128 991
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
◦Age, gender, and …
 Distribution by Age
46-65, 9%

36-45, 10%

25 and Below, 58%

26-35, 23%

Figure 5.
Distribution of Respondents by Age.
 Distribution by Age
Figure 5 overleaf shows the distribution of the
respondents by age. Of the XXX school leader-
respondents, X identified their age, tallied as
follows: X of them are 25 years old and below, X are
26-35 years old; X are in 36-45 bracket; and X are
46-65 years old.
 Instrumentation
This section should include the instruments you plan
on using to measure the variables in the research
questions.
a. the source or developers of the instrument
b. validity and reliability information
c. information on how it was normed
d. other salient information (number of items in
each scale, subscale, etc.)
 Example
The applied instrumentation is the survey questionnaire
since the researcher planned to collect a lot of
information in a limited time. Also, this questionnaire
was used because the study did not focus on what
caused a certain effect but rather aimed only on the
relationship…Survey questionnaire is also a quick
means of obtaining information (Mitchell & Jolley,
2010).
The researcher capitalizes on self-administered
questionnaire. This is the type of questionnaire
wherein participants will have to fill it out in the
absence of an investigator (Mitchell, 2010). Its
advantages are that it is easily distributed to a large
population and that it also allows anonymity.
The researcher employs a five-page, four-part
questionnaire. The first page is the Consent Form for
the respondents to be aware of the purpose of the
study and for them to signify their consent to
participate. Succeeding pages are the different
parts of the questionnaire. Part I deals with the
demographic profile of the respondents that
includes… The main
Survey instruments are: Part II: School Governance
Questionnaire, Part III: Leadership Efficacy
Questionnaire and Part IV: Succession Planning &
Management Questionnaire. All of the
questionnaires are self-constructed. The items are
results of synthesized thoughts from the review of
related literatures and studies. Each of the
questionnaire is discussed in details.
 School Governance Questionnaire
This questionnaire is self-constructed based on the
variables promulgated by Dela Cruz (2015). In their
published study, Dela Cruz measured the participation of
teachers in making school-related decisions. Since this
study also uses the participation of teachers in making
decisions, which is operationally termed as school
governance, the concept in the original questions were
found appropriate to the purpose of this study.
 School Governance Questionnaire
This particular questionnaire consists of 30
questions divided into four sub-variables: Academic
Governance (items #1-10), Political Governance
(items # 11-20), Financial Governance (items # 21-
30). Under Academic Governance, questions
pertained to teacher participation in curriculum
design, instruction, and workload. For Political…
 Leadership Efficacy Questionnaire
This particular questionnaire consists of 30
questions divided into four sub-variables: Self
Discipline (items #1-10)…
All of the instruments in this study used a five-scale
measurement in which respondents indicated
choices by Likert Scale. Likert scale is an ordinal
measurement of attitudes, beliefs, and opinions
(Likert, 1932). One of the advantages of this scale is
that it is the most universal method for survey
collection and can be understood easily…
Table 4.1
Questionnaire scales, responses, and verbal interpretation
Questionnaire Scale Response Range Verbal Interpretation

School Governance 5 Always 4.50-5.00 Very High Participation

4 Often 3.50-4.59 High Participation
3 Sometimes 2.50-3.49 Average Participation
2 Rarely 1.50-2.49 Low Participation
1 Never 1.00-1.49 Very Low Participation
Succession Planning 5 Always 4.50-5.00 Excellent
& Management 4 Often 3.50-4.59 Very Good
Questionnaire 3 Sometimes 2.50-3.49 Good
2 Rarely 1.50-2.49 Poor
1 Never 1.00-1.49 Very poor
Leadership Efficacy 5 Always 4.50-5.00 Very High LE
Questionnaire 4 Often 3.50-4.59 High LE
3 Sometimes 2.50-3.49 Average LE
2 Rarely 1.50-2.49 Low LE
1 Never 1.00-1.49 Very Low LE
 Pilot Study
1. As soon as this study, passes the proposal
defense, the researcher will subject the proposed
questionnaire to expert validation. At least ten
experts and lay individuals will critique the
questionnaire. The researcher will chooses experts in
the field of education, management, leadership, and
governance.
 Pilot Study
2. He will write a letter to the chosen experts and will
personally approach them to give the letter and the
Expert Validation Sheet.
3. The soonest time he gathers all the
questionnaires, he will study the suggestions by the
expert validators and will incorporate it to the
revised version.
 Pilot Study
4. He will then present the revised version together
with the validated sheets to his adviser.
5. Both the adviser and the researcher will analyze
the data and will come up with the decision for the
final revision.
6. After validation, the researcher will request the
Principal to produce a letter of recommendation to
do his pilot study in __ to test the reliability of the
 Pilot Study
7. As soon as the letter is secured, the researcher will
personally meet the head of the school and explain his
business.
8. When the permission is granted, he will personally
meet each respondent to explain, distribute, and retrieve
the questionnaire.
9. He will start to encode the data using Microsoft Excel
Software. He will then entrust the encoded data to the
statistician for the statistical treatment.
10. When the result comes out, he will work with his
 Study Proper
1.
2.
3.
4.
 Ethical Consideration
◦Confidentiality
◦Protection from Psychological harm
◦Voluntary Participation
 Data Analysis/ Statistical treatment
◦Mean and standard deviation
◦Pearson-r Correlation
◦Multiple regression
◦T-test and ANOVA
◦Structured Equation Modeling
◦Analysis of Moment Structures