Savings of energy and the quality of

air of accomodation by means of the

ventilation with the heat exchanger -
evaluation criterion for the devices
with heat exchanger.
 …
… development of the devices
… production of the devices
• with 21 types of devices – the widest spectrum of devices in
Europe with the highly effective technology
•with approximately 10.000 prepared devices is one of the well
known firms
… equipment is sold in 22 countries
• with 47 representative offices PAUL
• for sure also near from you
… from 1994
 …
… helps with the design of the ventilation systems:
• proposal for the ventilation installation: free of charge
• twice per year the instruction for the designers
• of the approximately 30 reports in Europe
… installations are supplied in the complete set
… helps with the measurements
… new, interesting and necessary information it publishes in the
special periodicals
… is known as innovator in the sphere of the ventilation
… is accessible for each www.paul-lueftung.net
 PAUL – excellent products...

1) Innovation reward of German Federation

2) the innovation reward of Saxony
3) Environmental price
4) Environmental oscar
5) Product of year (sanitary and heating
branch)
Produkt Umwelt- 6) silver Environmental thaler
d. Jahres oskar 7) INTEC-prise
8) „Thermos“ – the first certified device with
the heat exchanger for the passive
Inno- house
Umwelt- vations-
preis Preis 9) Patent for the measurement of radon in
the ventilation unit
10) Patent claim for the solar ТО
Climatic changes
Energy resources decrease

How much longer will the fossil energy be available?

Static zones of reach for the years for the final energies starting at the year 2000

Reliably existing and economically advantageous for the use reserves

Proven and assumed reserving, which at given moment are not yet advantageous for the
use

Oil

natural gas

bituminous
coal

brown coal

Uran

лет
Proof of the climate warming up
 Structure of the energy consumption
The end user of energy - Germany 2001
… from this (them) in the relative
Transport households
28%

Heating loads

Hot water

Business, Households
trade, service 31% Light
16%
Mechanical
energy
Other energy
processes

Industry 25%

Quelle: Longlasting construction, also effective for inhabitatnts?, Sedlbauer, K.; Braune, A.; Kreißig, J.;
Holm, A.
Circle of the problems of the indoor
climate
The closed accomodations need
the regular inflow of fresh air. As
hygienically necessary is counted
the hourly minimum exchange of
air 50% volume of air of the
accomodation
Ventilation
Mould
As a result of the insufficient
ventilation, the humidity of air in the
accomodation rises - this it leads to
the spoiling of property from the
dampness and the defeat by mold
cap, furthermore, poor air makes
your tired.
It is considered the loses of
50% of heat by opening the
windows. Money ejected
literally into the window.
Energy consumption
Airtightness
The dense cover of building
envelope and the tight- closing
windows lead to significant
reduction in the expenses for
the heating, but also to the
reduction of the exchange of air.
 Constituting for the transfer and the ventilation in
the annual consumption of the heat

Heat losses with the window The heat losses through the walls
ventilation

Total heat losses

Private Apartment Passive house - during the

building controlled ventilation with
90% heat exchanger
During the window ventilation
 Comparison of the components in the general heat
consumption without and with the heat exchanger

Portion in the general heat

Anteile am consumption
Gesamtwärmebedarf
WRG
t aeh 1
t u2ohti wVariante
ohne
1 noi sr e V

egnahcx e
mitr WRG
Variante

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0 110,0
hti w 2 noi sr e V
r egnahcx et aeh

[kWh/m²a]
Ventilation
Lüftung
Hot water
Warmwasser
Verteilung / Übergabe
Distribution/the transfer
Speicherung
Accumulation
Erzeugung
Production
Fenster / Außenwand
Window is external/ wall
Dachroof
/ Decke / Keller
overlap / Wärmebrücken
basement the bridges of cold
Hilfsenergie
Auxiliary energy
vorgelagerte Prozesskette *

* Conversion losses of primary energy into the final energy on the Border of the structure

Decentralized ventilation
with the heat exchange
 Maintenance for each
accomodation
 Limited exchange of air
 Fans in the accomodation
 no long pipes
 Heat exchange, because of this:
the warm additional air
Ventilation systems
the controlled tributary/exhaust ventilation with the controlled exhaust ventilation
the heat exchange
Fortluft/ Außenluft– processed/ fresh air
The
exhaust
fan
Inflow
through the
apertures
Abluft/ Zuluft – the exhaust/ supply air
 controlled removal of the harmful substances  controlled removal of the harmful
 controlled supply with fresh air substances
  Insufficient supply with fresh air
Fresh air - class of filter to F8
(dependent on the wind)
 Very good distribution
 Fresh air - many filters
 Heat rexchange, because of this: warm
 Weak distribution
additional air, the high comfort
 No heat exchange, cold incomming
air, are possible the drafts
Controlled suction and exhaust ventilation with the
heat exchange

Exhaust air , 20
°C
Processed air,
~ 0 °C
External air, Earth heat
Heat exchanger exchanger
0°C

climos 100 (S) / 150 DC (S)
The air flow with 100 Pa)
up to 110 m³/h (climos 100 DC)
up to 150 m³/h (climos 150 DC)
santos 370 DC
santos F 370 DC
The air flow with 100 Pa
up to 370 m³/h (santos)
up to 370 m³/h (santos F)
Centralized ventilation systems
multi 100 / 150 DC
The air flow with 100 Pa
up to 100 m³/h (multi 100 DC)
up to 150 m³/h (multi 150 DC)
campus 500 DC
The air flow with 100 Pa
up to 600 m³/h
atmos 175 DC thermos 200 / 300 DC
The air flow with 150 Pa The air flow with 100 Pa
up to 300 m³/h up to 200 m³/h (thermos 200 DC)
2-й вариант исполнения up to 380 m³/h (thermos 300 DC)
maxi 800 до 6000 DC Rotary system
The air flow with 100 Pa The air flow 2.000
up to 800 m³/h (maxi 800 DC) up to 20.000 m³/h
up to 1200 m³/h (maxi 1200 DC)
up to 2000 m³/h (maxi 2000 DC)
up to 3000 m³/h (maxi 3000 DC)
up to 4000 m³/h (maxi 4000 DC)
up to 6000 m³/h (maxi 6000 DC)
Decentralized ventilation with
the heat exchanger

Incoming air Processed

air

 Exhaust air Fresh air

Decentralized device „ventos“

Frontal view Side view

Device
Arrangement of the ventilation unit of „ventos“
next to the radiator
 „ventos“- the built-in device

Fortluft – processed air

Außenluft – fresh air

Incoming air
(bedrooms, living and
children rooms)
Exaust air
(kitchen,
bath, WC)
One of solutions in a one family house for the partial
domestic ventilation with the super-short conduits

Fortluft – processed air Abluft – Exaust air

Außenluft – fresh air  Zuluft – Incoming air

Bedroo
m 2nd
floor

g
Livin st
1
room
floor

hen
Kitc oor
l
1st f
Decentralized device for the
partial domestic ventilation
from the 3 accomodations
Abstellraum -
Storeroom
The draught conditioning of habitable floor with
the aid of 2 devices and directed unbalances

Dining room

Living room Entrance Kitchen

Accomodation of air intake (living room):

60 m³/h incoming air, 30 m³/h processed air
Accomodation of processed air (kitchen, toilet):
30 m³/h fresh air, 60 m³/h exaust air
All in all: 90 m³/h fresh air, 90 m³/h exaust air
The draught conditioning through 2 floors
Criteria of quality evaluation of
the heat regeneration devices
 1. Evaluation
criteria
The indices of quality of a good device of heat regeneration are:

 Degree of heat regeneration ↑

 Consumption of the electric power ↓
 Noise ↓
 Hygiene ↑
 2. Energy efficiency/capacity
rate
 ∆H benefits
Capacity rate ε = =
Pel losses
∆ H [W] benefit: recovery of the heat
Pel [W] loss: used electric power

ε = 5 to 24.
 ε heat pumps (HP) in comparison with the heat exchangers (HE)

Capacity rate Type HP Energy from/to

α )ε = 2,5…4,5 Earth HP Earth brine/water

β )ε = 2,0…4,5 НP of fresh air Fresh air/water
χ )ε = 3,5…4,0 НP of processed air Processed air/Water
δ )ε = 2,4…2,8 НP of proc.air/ incoming air Proc.air/ incoming air
ε )ε ≈ 20 HE of proc.air/ incoming air Proc.air/ incoming air
 Physically must be ∆ HZu = ∆ HAb :

Ab – Exaust air

Zu – Incoming air
Fo – Processed air
Au – Fresh air

According to DIN EN 308 the maximum permissible range of the fluctuations

 0,95 ≤ ∆≤H1,05
Ab
∆maximum
I.e., the permissible HZu deviation comprises 5 %. But on the test record sheets are noted deviations from 25 to
68 %.
 Additional heat flux from those of
accomodation to fresh air (∆H1) or to the
exhaust air (∆H2).

Leakage of warm air to the fresh/incoming air:

external (от тех. помещения ~ 20°С) ∆H3
internal (from exhaust air ~ 21°С) ∆H4

Fortluft – Processed air

Zuluft – Incoming air
Abluft – Exaust air
Außenluft – Fresh air
Image of recuperator in the section

Housing from the foam plastic:

 it is thoroughly well heat-insulated -

approximately 50 mm!
 no metallic housing = the absence of the bridges
of cold

  Heat flux from the storage room to fresh air

(∆ H1) and processed air (∆ H2) is clearly reduced
to the minimum
 ∆t ∆t
η= =
∆t max t Ab − t Au

∆ t – heating of fresh air or cooling of exaust air

η - from the side of Passivhaus-Institut:

exaust air η eff = η ’W – 12 %
η - from the side of fresh DIN V 4701-10:
air η ’WRG = 0,91 ⋅ η ’WRG,

Ab – exaust air

Au – Fresh air
WRG - recuperator
 Differently defined efficiencies and their different results at two devices

Standard level of the Highly effective devices

small devices (see
above) with the large surface HE

The η t1 = 87 % η t1 = 99 %
conclusio
n:
 1) Often used method of
the measurements:
 η -from the side of exaust
air
 it is too high in the
2) Actual result the measurement:
comparison:
η t2 = 71 % η t2 = 92 %

η -rom the side of exaust air

The difference: 16 % 7%
 3. Types of heat
exchangers
 Recuperator with the subsequent heating
register

Because of the low temperature of the air intake, in the small recuperators (WRG) at the output of heat
exchanger frequently is being installed a supplemental air heating element - which, however, creates
additional expenditures on energy… and additional expenditures on acquisition of the heating element:
approximately 400,00 €

Air heating
element

Hot water
Small or electricity
WRG
Cross-shaped (crossed) lamellar Recuperator with the cross-shaped lamellar HE
HE
Section
of the
cross
flow Form of
plates in
Counter the section
current view
section

Cross - countercurrent lamellar HE Recuperator with the cross-shaped

countercurrent lamellar HE
View of channels
in the section
(PAUL- patent)

the considerably
elongated
countercurrent air
flow

Counter current channel heat atmos 175 DC (to the left) and thermos- model in the section (to the
exchanger right) with the countercurrent air flow channel
 Types of heat exchangers

Principle sketch

Crossed air
flow
Counter current
air flow

l
≥2
b
Cross flow HE Cross counter Counter current air
current air flow HE flow HE
4 – 10 6 – 14 17 – 60
Heat exchanger surface [m²]
Current profile

Heat recovery [%] effectively 50 – 70 70 – 80 85 – 99

(92)
as in PHPP
 4. Parameters of the heat
exchanger
  Heat absorption small large
 Retention time short long
Extent of the channels short long

Effectiveness with
respect to the overall
sizes of the device
housing

 Section small large

 Air flow speed high low

Loss of high low

pressure
Required high low
power of electricity.
 Retention time short long
Heat absorption small large
 Example:

Two heat exchangers in comparison:

V = 100 – 300 m³/h V = 85 – 295 m³/h

 Dependence of effective efficiency of HRD on the area HE

100
1
90
2
7 6
80 
heff – Efficiency of HRD [%]

70 5
3
60
50
40


30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Area of HE [m²]
It is to be recognized that the increased surface F pulls
a higher heat transmission rate on itself, even if ∆ tm
(middle temperature difference between cold and warm
air flow) becomes a bit smaller. Therefore, on a larger
heat exchange surface F, we have the result of an
increased effectiveness heat supply degree η eff! The
picture shows, how with 7 marketable heat recovery
devices (HRG) with heat exchange surfaces becoming
larger, the effective heat supply degree η eff rises.
 5. Consumption of
electric power and the
volume of the device
 There were selected 7 types of devices for almost the
same area of application (flow rate 50 to 300 m ³ /h). If the
same flow rate squeezes through a smaller heat
exchanger (HE-volume low) and/or a small equipment -, a
higher air speed w develops, which leads again to a rising
pressure loss and current consumption (electrical capacity
Pel).
 Dependence of the required power from the volume of
the device

100
90 5
Pel - the required electr. power [W]

80 6

70
3 2
60
7 4
50 1

40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Volume of device [l]
 6. Level of noise
and the volume of the
device
 Smaller device and/or heat exchanger (HE)
volume leads, as mentioned above, to a larger air
speed and concomitantly to increased turbulence
formation, which draws a higher noise.
 Dependence of noise level from the volume of the
device

50
5 7
45
3 4
6
Level of noise, at a distance 1м

40
2
35
30
[dB(A)]

25 1

20
15
10
5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Volume of device [l]
 7. Problem of noise -
mistake during the production
and/or the planning
  Mistakes:
 high noise in the bedroom

1. excessive cutoff in the plate gate of incoming air

2. small distance from the gate to the recuperator

3. They forget about the muffler for the incoming air on

the recuperator
 Result: Turning off of the devices
Incoming
air Solution:

1. Recuperator is installed in the basement on the

Bedroo ground floor
m
2. they reduce airflow in the pipe

3. the mufflers are provided

 8. The level of noise
is calculated already
during the planning
 Nr. 1
Nr.
7

Nr. 13
 9. Turning off of the
device
 reason method of elimination

1. Noise from the device is too The device is too large

high (a smaller one should be chosen)

2. The incoming air is too cold  smal heat exchanger

 Short heat exchanger
 Unbalance: …

3. Energy consumption on  You will be informed about the degree of recovery, on the
heating is too high aggregate from the side of exhaust air (Passivhaus-
certificate as only document, it declares this effectiveness
η eff)
 Air reheating „eats “too much electricity power
4. Electric requirements of fan is Selecting a device you should be informed about the
too high
consumption of the electricity will change

 with the necessary volume of the air flow

 by an external pressure according to the calculation of a
pressure drop
 a strong density of pollution and a larger pressure drop is
expected with the small area of filter
 10. Problems of
sanitation as a result of
turning off of the device
  Equipment switched off (reasons see
above)
• By the ascending airflow rises warm air (moist)
along the air duct of exhaust air upward to the
garret accomodation

 microbe growth through:

• almost standing air

• Humidity rise (cold ambient air on

Wet and warm pointed ground)
exaust air
• organic components in exhaust air 
fertile soil

 Increase in the mold cap :

 80 % r.F.
 10 h/d
 4d
 small air movement
 11. Problems of
sanitation as a result of
„of the cheap “filter
 Quality of filters

Filter linen, class G3, with the reticulated Filter of class G4, in the Z- design
protection; the insufficient hermetic sealing performance; Filter in the pasteboard shell: the
airtight landing of filter in the device housing
 Pollution of the system of air ducts as a result of
- he high leakage of filter (incompact landing)
- too low filter G3 quality  too rough
 clean air conduits because of the multistage filtration:
G4  F8  (H10)
 Periodicity of filter replacement - approximately 3 months
 dirty filters and stagnant air  contribute to an increase in the microbes, and also the elevated
temperature, i.e., the higher humidity of air
Paul Wärmerückgewinnung GmbH
Vettermannstr. 1-5
08132 Mülsen
Tel.: +49 (0)37601 390-0
Fax: +49 (0)37601 25845
Mail: info@paul-lueftung.de
Internet: http://www.paul-lueftung.net
Thank You for Your
attention