Natural Green Background PowerPoint Templates
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Kelompok 3
NAILA FIRA ROUDOTUL JANAH
ISNAYANTI 3
4 17000080
1700008049
1 2 3 4 5
META-
BOLISME
Metabolit Primer Metabolit Sekunder
Memiliki fungsi yang esensial dan tidak memiliki fungsi khusus dalam
jelas bagi kelangsungan hidup
organisme penghasilnya. Digunakan
untuk melakukan sintesis glukosa
P S pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
tanaman.
Metabolit
Primer
Metabolit
Sekunder
Alkaloid merupakan
salah satu senyawa organik yang
O paling banyak ditemukan di alam
Nitrogen bersifat basa yang mengandung satu
atau lebih atom nitrogen dan biasanya
berupa sistem siklis.
Alkaloid
01 Akar 04 Daun
02 Biji 05 Hewan
Kegunaan alkaloid
Kegunaan alkaloid bagi tumbuhan adalah
03 Kayu sebagai pelindung dari serangan hama, penguat
tumbuhan dan pengatur kerja hormon. Alkaloid
mempunyai efek fisiologis.
Sifat Alkaloid
Bersifat Basa
Sifat tersebut tergantung pada adanya pasangan elektron pada
nitrogen, jika gugus fungsional yang berdekatan dengan nitrogen Bersifat Berbentuk
bersifat melepaskan elektron.
Basa Amorf
Berbentuk Amorf
Alkoloid memiliki bentuk amorf dan beberapa seperti; nikotin dan
koniin berupa cairan.
1 2
Tidak Berwarna
Alkaloid tidak berwarna, tetapi beberapa senyawa yang
kompleks, spesies aromatik berwarna (contoh berberin berwarna
kuning dan betanin berwarna merah).
3 4
Larut dalam Pelarut Organik
Larut dalam
Alkaloid basa hanya larut dalam pelarut organik, meskipun Tidak Pelarut
beberapa pseudoalkalod dan protoalkaloid larut dalam air.
Alkaloid garam dan alkaloid quartener sangat larut dalam air.
Berwarna Organik
Biosintesis Alkaloid
Kemudian reaksi yang mendasari pembentukan
Reaksi Mannich antara suatu aldehida dan
alkaloid membentuk basa. Basa kemudian
suatu amina primer dan sekunder, dan
bereaksi dengan karbanion dalam kondensasi 01
suatu senyawa enol atau fenol.
hingga terbentuklah alkaloid.
03
05 03 01
Metilasi dari atom oksigen 05 Reaksi Reaksi Mannich
Membentuk
menghasilkan gugus metoksil Metilasi Basa
dan metilasi nitrogen
menghasilkan gugus N-metil
ataupun oksidasi dari gugus 04
amina. Reaksi
Sekunder 02 02
04 Reaksi Rangkap
Biosintesis alkaloid juga melibatkan reaksi
Biosintesa alkaloida melibatkan rangkap oksidatif fenol dan metilasi. Jalur
reaksi-reaksi sekunder yang poliketida dan jalur mevalonat juga
menyebabkan terbentuknya ditemukan dalam biosintesis alkaloid.
berbagai jenis struktur alkaloida.
Sistem Klasifikasi Senyawa Alkoloid
Steroidal Purin
Hiosiamin &
Skopolamin Kokain Atropin
01.
Kimia
yaitu agak asam dan
dapat larut dalam basa. Senyawa
Fenol
02.
Polar dapat larut dalan pelarut polar
seperti metanol, etanol,
Mudah
aseton, air, butanol, dimetil
Larut sulfoksida, dimetil formamida
dalam Air
03.
dengan adanya gugus glikosida yang terikat pada
gugus flavonoid sehingga cenderung
menyebabkan flavonoid mudah larut dalam air.
Biosintesis Flavonoid
Biosintesis flavonoid
Jalur Biosintesis sudah mulai diteliti sejak tahun 1936.
Flavonoid
Pada awalnya para peniliti mengkaitkan
Jalur C6-C3-C6 dari flavonoid merupakan hasil
Jalur Fenilpropa- dari fenil propanoid. Tetapi selama
Poliketida noid bertahun-tahun diperoleh teori sintesis
flavonoid dan telah dibuktikan di
laboratorim.
Biosintesis Flavonoid: Jalur Poliketida
04. Poliasetil akan terkondensasi dan bereaksi
dengan
Hasil dari jalur fenilpropanoid akan membentuk suatu
flavonoid. Jenis flavonoid yang terbentuk dipengaruhi dari
bahan fenilpropanoid.
.
Poliasetil
02. Reaksi Malonat CoA dengan Asetil CoA
Menghasilkan asetoasetil CoA Asetoasetil &
malonat CoA
Reaksi Akhir
Eritrosa & Fosfoenol 02 04 Fenilalanin akan melepas NH3
Reaksi ini melibatkan eritrosa dan dan membentuk asam sinamat
fosfoenol piruvat. sedangkan tirosin akan
membentuk senyawa turunan
asam sinamat karena adanya
subtitusi pada gugus benzennya.
Asam Amino 03
Asam sikimat yang terbentuk
akan ditransformasikan menjadi
suatu asam amino yaitu
fenilalanin dan tirosin
Sistem Klasifikasi Senyawa Flavonoid
05
03 01
Flavon mudah dipecah oleh alkali Khalkon
menghasilkan diasil metan atau
05 Antosianin
Flavon
tergantung pada kondisi reaksi,
asam benzoate yang diturunkan
dari cincin A.
04
Dihidro-
khalkon 02 02
04 Flavonol Flavonol paling sering terdapat sebagai 3-
Dihidrokhalkon jarang terdapat di alam, glikosida, dan aglikon flavonol yang umum
yaitu kaempferol, kuersetin, dan mirisetin
namun satu senyawa yang penting yaitu yang berkhasiat sebagai antioksidan dan
phlorizin merupakan konstituen umum antiimflamasi, contohnya bawang bombay
famili Rosaceae juga terdapat dalam jenis dan kale.
buah-buahan seperti apel dan pear.
Flavonoid: Flavonoida (1,3-Diarilpropana)
Khalkon: Dihidrokhalkon:
Flavonol: Bombay Flavonol: Kale
Heliantheaetribe Apel & Mawar
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