PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Autotrophic Process: Plants and plant-like organisms

make their energy (glucose) from sunlight.
• Stored as carbohydrate in their bodies.
• 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Catalyst:
1. Write the chemical equation
of Photosynthesis in words.
2. What physical signs can you
see in plants that indicates the
use of glucose?
Why is Photosynthesis important?

Makes organic molecules (glucose) out

of inorganic materials (carbon dioxide
and water).
It begins all food chains/webs. Thus
all life is supported by this process.
It also makes oxygen gas!!
Photosynthesis-starts ecological food webs!
Photo-synthesis
means "putting together with light."
Plants use sunlight to turn water
and carbon dioxide into glucose.
Glucose is a kind of sugar.
Plants use glucose as food for
energy and as a building block for
growing.
Autotrophs make glucose and
heterotrophs are consumers of it.
 Photosynthesis

sunlight
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
absorbed by chlorophyll

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

Plant Cells
The photograph below is an elodea leaf X 400.
Individual cells are clearly visible. The tiny
green structures within the cells are
chloroplasts
this is where
photosynthesis
happens.
Stomata
This opening how plants exchange gases!
Check it! Can you name the two important
gases that go in and out of the leaves?
Why are the
stomata
located on the
underside of
leaves?
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Absorbing Light Energy
to make chemical energy:
glucose!
• Pigments: Absorb
different colors of white
light (ROY G BIV)
• Main pigment: Chlorophyll
a
• Accessory pigments:
Chlorophyll b and
Carotenoids
• These pigments absorb all
wavelengths (light) BUT
green!
Catalyst: Write your answers in the catalyst paper
from last week. Identify the independent &
dependent variable.
• A scientist want to study the diversity of soil
bacteria found during different months of the
year.
• Guinea pigs are kept at different temperatures
for 6 weeks. Percent weight gain is recorded.
• 3.An investigator hypothesizes that the adult
weight of a dog is higher when it has fewer
littermates.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Why do we see green?
• Green color from white light
reflected NOT absorbed
• Chloroplast: organelle
responsible for photosynthesis
• Chlorophyll: located within
Chloroplast
• Green pigment
Chloroplast Pigments
• Chloroplasts contain several pigments
– Chlorophyll a
– Chlorophyll b
– Carotenoids
– Xanthophyll

Figure 7.7
Visible light is only
a small part of the
electromagnetic
spectrum (all forms
of light).
• LIGHT behaves as if it were composed of
"units" or "packets" of energy that travel in
waves. These packets are photons.
• The wavelength of light determines its color.
Oxygen and Sugar!
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• 2 Phases
• Light-dependent reaction
• Light-independent reaction

• .
 AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• The light reactions
Light
convert solar energy Chloroplast
to chemical energy
• Produce ATP & NADPH NADP
ADP
+P
Calvin
• The Calvin cycle makes Light
reactions
cycle

sugar from carbon dioxide

– ATP generated by the light
reactions provides the energy for
sugar synthesis
– The NADPH produced by the
light reactions provides the
electrons for the reduction of
carbon dioxide to glucose
Steps of Photosynthesis
Step 1. Light Reaction
• Light hits reaction centers of chlorophyll,
found in chloroplasts
• Chlorophyll vibrates and causes water to
break apart( Photolysis)
• Oxygen is released into air
• Hydrogen remains in chloroplast attached to
NADP to form NADPH
How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH
Primary NADP
electron
acceptor
Energy
Primary to make 3
electron
acceptor 2

Light

Light

Primary
electron
acceptor

Reaction-
1 center NADPH-producing
chlorophyll photosystem

Water-splitting
photosystem
2 H + 1 /2
• Two types of
photosystems
cooperate in the light
reactions
ATP
mill

Water-splitting NADPH-producing
photosystem photosystem
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Light-dependent reaction (LIGHT Reaction)
• Energy lost along electron transport chain
• Lost energy used to recharge ATP from ADP

• NADPH produced from e- transport chain

• Stores energy until transfer to stroma
• Plays important role in light-independent reaction
• Total byproducts: ATP, NADP, O2
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• How did we get O2 as a byproduct?!
• Photolysis: replaces lost electrons by splitting
water
Catalyst:

• Briefly explain how ATP and NADPH is

formed at the end of the light rxn.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Light-independent reaction (Dark
Reaction)/Calvin Cycle
• Does not require light
• Occurs in stroma of chloroplast
• Requires CO2
• Uses ATP and NADPH ( from Light reaction) as fuel to
run
• Makes glucose sugar from CO2 and Hydrogen
Catalyst
• In what 4 ways is the light independent
reaction different from the light reaction?
• (Note: think about reactant/s, site of
occurrence, products, source of energy)
Catalyst: Copy and fill in the
answers
Phases of Reactants Products Site of reaction
Photosynthesis ( specific)

Light Reaction Water

Calvin Cycle ATP, NADPH,

CO2
(and other organic molecules
Summary—Light Dependent
Reactions

a. Overall input
light energy, H2O.
b. Overall output
ATP, NADPH, O2.
Summary—Light Independent
Reactions

a. Overall input
CO2, ATP, NADPH.
b. Overall output
glucose.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• What affects photosynthesis?
• Light intensity: as light increases, rate of
photosynthesis increases
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• What affects photosynthesis?
• Carbon Dioxide: As CO2 increases, rate of
photosynthesis increases
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• What affects photosynthesis?
• Temperature:
• Temperature Low = Rate of photosynthesis low
• Temperature Increases = Rate of photosynthesis increases
• If temperature too hot, rate drops
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
• The process by which bacteria uses energy
from inorganic substances are used to
make sugars
 Check it!
1. The process that uses the sun’s energy to
make simple sugars is _____________.

A. Cellular respiration
B. Glycolysis
C. Photosynthesis
D. Photolysis
 Check it!
2. The function accomplished by the light-
dependent reactions is ______________.

A. Energy storage
B. Sugar production
C. Carbon fixation
D. Conversion of sugar
Catalyst:
1. What gases pass through the stomata?
2. What effect would a closed stomata have
on photosynthesis?
Classwork:
1. Read and annotate “Biological drawings”
2. Draw a PLAN DIAGRAM of the structures
observed during the lab on the space provided.
Make sure to :
a. all the organelles visible
b. stomata
c.Guard cell
d. Plant cell
3. Answer the analysis questions in complete
sentences
4. Write a conclusion ( CER format)
Conclusion:
• The distilled water. caused the egg to swell
Data shows that the egg increased by 3.2 g
after being soaked in distilled water. This
is because the egg was sitting in a
hypertonic solution( more solutes outside of
the egg)The concentration gradient between
the egg and its environment caused water
molecules to diffuse into the egg through
the membrane.
Conclusion
• The syrup caused the egg to shrink. The
data shows a significant decrease in the
eggs mass by 6.2 grams after 3 days. This is
because of the concentration gradient
between the egg and the syrup ( the syrup
has more solutes than the egg) causing the
environment to be hypertonic. Since water
is more concentrated inside the egg, it
diffused outside causing the egg to shrink.