PROCESS DYNAMICS

AND CONTROLS
SAGUID, STEVEN
SALIENDRA, JEFFREY
SOBREPEŇA, GABRIEL
SOLATRE, SHALIMAR
SY, STEPHANNIE
ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY (UV-VIS)

 Absorption/reflectance spectroscopy in part of

ultraviolet
 Affects the perceived color of the chemicals
involved in the visible range
 Commonly used in analytical chemistry to
determine analytes concentrations
 Beer’s Law:
 Absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration
of the substance
X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD)

 Rapid analytical technique used for phase

identification of crystalline material
 To determine the atomic and molecular structure of a
crystal
FLAME PHOTOMETER

- An instrument used in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions among them
calcium, potassium and sodium.
- Based on measurement of intensity of light.

- Wavelenghth of color tells us what element is (qualitative)

- Color intensity tells us how much of the element present
APPLICATION AND ADVANTAGES

 Analysis of fruit juice, softdrinks and alcoholic beverages

 In agriculture, the fertilizer requirement of the soil is
analyzed by the flame test analysis of the soil
 In clinical field, Na and K ions in body fluids, muscles and
heart can be determined by diluting blood serum into
the flame
 It is
 -simple quantitative analytical test
 -inexpensive
 -Quite convenient to even ppm to ppb range
COLORIMETRY

 Light-sensitive device used for measuring the

transmittance and absorbance of light passing through a
liquid sample.
 The device measures the intensity or concentration of
the color that develops upon introducing a specific
reagent into a solution.
 main components of a colorimeter are a light source, a
cuvette containing the sample solution and a photocell
for detecting the light passed through the solution.
 widely used to monitor the growth of a bacterial or
yeast culture.
STEPS IN COLORIMETER

 In a colorimeter, a beam of light with a specific wavelength is passed through a solution via a series of lenses,
which navigate the colored light to the measuring device.
 This analyzes the color compared to an existing standard.
 A microprocessor then calculates the absorbance or percent transmittance. If the concentration of the solution
is greater, more light will be absorbed, which can be identified by measuring the difference between the amount of
light at its origin and that after passing the solution.
FTLC
FRACTION TRAPPING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (FTLC)

USES OF FTLC
 Completely remove water content
 The Fraction Trapping Liquid  Reduces dry-down from hours to minutes
Chromatography (FTLC) System removes
greater than 95% water content in fractions  Removes buffers, modifiers, and salt
thus decreasing dry-down time.  Process fractions in 12-18 minutes
 Load up to 500 mg
 Optional breakthrough detector and secondary
fraction collector
REFRACTOMETER

TYPES OF REFRACTOMETER
 The refractometer is a scientific
instrument that is used to measure  Digital
the refractive index of a liquid or solid  Analog
sample.
 Abbe/Lab
 Inline Process
USES OF REFRACTOMETER

 Quality control
 Gemstone identification
 Specific gravity determination of beer
 Salinity determination of fish tank water
PH METER

• Is an instrument used to measure acidity or alkalinity of a solution - also know as pH.

• It is measured on a scale of 0 to 14.

• a pH meter consists of a voltmeter attached to a pH-responsive electrode and a reference (unvarying) electrode.

• The sensing electrode detects changes in voltage based on hydrogen ion activity, while the reference electrode

provides a constant voltage for comparison. The difference between the two voltages is displayed as a pH value by

the meter, with higher voltages signaling acidic pH levels and lower voltages signaling basic.
VISCOMETER

 An instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow
conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used. Thus, a rheometer can be considered as a special type of
viscometer. Viscometers only measure under one flow condition.
 At 20 °C, the dynamic viscosity (kinematic viscosity × density) of water is 1.0038 mPa-s and its kinematic
viscosity (product of flow time × factor) is 1.0022 mm2/s. These values are used for calibrating certain types of
viscometers.
1. Standard Laboratory viscometer for liquids
2. Falling-ball viscometer
3. Falling-piston viscometer
4. Oscillation-piston viscometer
5. Vibrational viscometer
6. Rotational viscometer
7. Bubble viscometer
8. Rectangular- slit viscometer
9. Krebs viscometer
FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROMETER

 FTIR spectrometers (Fourier Transform Infrared

Spectrometer) are widely used in

 Organic synthesis
 Polymer science
 Petrochemical engineering
 Pharmaceutical industry
 Food analysis
THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYZER (TGA)

 Essential laboratory tool used for material

characterization

 The mass of a substance is monitored as a function of

temperature or time as the sample specimen is subjected
to a controlled temperature program in a controlled
atmosphere.

 These kinds of measurements can give valuable

information about a material's thermal stability, response
to oxidation, composition, decomposition kinetics,
moisture content, and more.