Lecture 1

Basics of Electrical Theory

MOCHAMMAD ARIYANTO, ST, MT

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
2014

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 Grading

• Homework: 20 %
• Kuis : 20 %
• Exam (MidTerm/Final) : 60 %

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 Topics

1. Basics of Electrical Theory

2. Introduction to Machinery Principles
3. Transformers
4. Introduction to Power Electronics
5. AC Machinery Fundamentals
6. Synchronous Generators
7. Synchronous Motors
8. Induction Motors
9. DC Machinery Fundamentals
10. DC Motors and Generators
11. Single-Phase and Special-Purpose Motors
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 Kirchhoff’s Laws

• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

– A node is any junction in a circuit where two or
more elements meet
– Currents into a node sum to zero OR
– Current entering a junction is equivalent to the
current leaving a junction
 Kirchhoff’s Laws

• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

– A loop is any path in a circuit that current can take
so that it meets back up to where it starts
– Voltages around a CLOSED loop sum to zero
 Applications

• Resistors in Series
– RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . .
• Resistors in Parallel
– 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . .
• Examples: should be able to find total current
flow in circuit, current flow through each
resistor, voltages, power dissipated, etc.
 Power Generation

• Chemical Cells
– Electrodes
– Electrolyte
– Conductor
– Wet/Dry Batteries
• Magnetism
AC vs DC

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 Scalar, Complex number, Vector

• A scalar number is the type of mathematical ob ject that

people are used to using in everyday life: a one-dimensional
quantity like temperature, length, weight, etc.
• A complex number is a mathematical quantity representing
two dimensions of magnitude and direction.
• A vector is a graphical representation of a complex number. It
looks like an arrow, with a starting point, a tip, a definite
length, and a definite direction. Sometimes the word phasor is
used in electrical applications where the angle of the vector
represents phase shift between waveforms.

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POLAR AND RECTANGULAR NOTATION

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Complex number arithmetic

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Complex arithmetic in MATLAB

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Alternator operation

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AC phase

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AC phase (Cont’)

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Vectors and AC Waveforms

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Vectors and AC Waveforms (Cont’)

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Voltage Vector in AC: graphics

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Voltage Vector in AC: complex

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AC resistor circuits

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AC INDUCTOR CIRCUITS

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AC INDUCTOR CIRCUITS example

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AC INDUCTOR CIRCUITS example (cont)

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AC CAPACITOR CIRCUITS

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 Electromagnetic Induction
• Faraday (1831):
– Showed that an emf is induced in a conductor if a
magnet passes by a conductor
• When pole of magnet
entered coil, current
flowed in one direction
• When direction of
magnet reversed,
current flowed in
opposite direction
 Electromagnetic Induction
• Magnitude of induced current can be
increased by:
– Increasing strength of magnetic field
– Increasing speed of relative motion
– Positioning of field & conductor to increase
number of magnetic lines of flux cut
• Magnetic field usually produced by
electromagnet
 Electromagnet
• Soft iron core wound
with coils of wire
• When current present
(excitation current),
core becomes
magnetized
• Field strength
determined by number
of turns and magnitude
of current:
B a NIDC
 Electromagnetic Induction

• Results in:
– Generator action: generator converts mechanical
to electrical energy
– Motor action: motor converts electrical to
mechanical energy
 Generator Action

• For emf/current (electricity):

– Magnetic Field
– Conductor
– Relative Motion b/t the two
• Voltage produced: “induced emf/voltage”
• Current produced:
“induced current”
• Left-hand rule for
generator action
 Motor Action

• For motor action (torque/motion):

– Magnetic Field
– Conductor
– Current flow in conductor

• Torque
produced:
“induced torque”
• Right-hand rule

for motor action

 Standard Terminology

• Stator: stationary housing of the generator or

motor
• Rotor: rotating shaft inside the stator
• Field windings: conductors used to produce
electromagnetic field
• Armature windings: conductors in which
output voltage is produced (or input is
provided)
 Basic Terminology
• Direct Current (DC)
– Current flow is unidirectional
and of constant magnitude
(battery)

• Alternating Current (AC)

– Magnitude & direction of
current flow periodically
change
– Each sequence called a cycle
– Frequency is cycles per second
(Hz)
 AC Generators
• Most electrical power used is AC made by AC
generators
• Basic principle: rotating magnetic field
“cutting through” a conductor
– Regardless of size, all AC generators work on same
principle
• Two types:
– Revolving armature (NOT used)
– Revolving field (Used in SSTG’s, GTGS, DG)
 AC Generators
• Two types:
– Revolving armature
(NOT used)

– Revolving field
 AC Generators
• Field windings on rotor
– DC current provided for field via slip rings and
brushes (vice commutator rings)
– Rotor turned by prime mover creates rotating
magnetic field
• Armature windings on
stator
• As field rotates, AC
current produced in
armature
• Since stationary contacts,
no arc-over
 AC Generators
• Determining speed of AC machine:
f = P(RPM)/120 RPM = 120f/P
• Must maintain constant 60Hz output use
speed governor to maintain constant RPM
(independent of loading)
• Must also regulate voltage output
– Since constant RPM, must control field excitation
(DC current) to control output voltage
 Three Phase (3f) AC Power

• Phases: number of sets of armature windings

on stator
• 3f has three sets of armature windings
– Voltage induced is 120o out of phase for each
– Output: 3 sinusoidal voltages and currents
• Allows more power to be delivered with a
smaller design generator
Three Phase (3f) AC Power
 AC Motors
• Use AC current as input to produce work
• Many different types depending on number of
phases of AC input & construction
• Ex: induction motor
– Input AC current on stator produces rotating field
– Current produced in conductors on rotor produces
torque
 DC Generators
• Basic Principle: rotate a
conductor within a
magnetic field to
induce an EMF
• Field windings located
on stator & receive
current from outside
source
 DC Generators
• Armature windings on
rotor
– Commutator rings used
to mechanically reverse
the armature coil
connection to the
external circuit
– EMF developed across
the brushes becomes a
DC voltage/current
(pulsating and
unidirectional)
 DC Motors
• Essentially the same in
construction as DC generator
• Based on principle that current
carrying conductor placed at a
right angle to a magnetic field
tends to move in a direction
perpendicular to magnetic lines
of flux
• Only need to change relative
voltage to go between
generator motor
 AC vs DC power
• Many different voltages required on board
ship
• Easier to transform AC power for each
application
 Electrical Devices
• Transformer
– Device w/o moving parts that transfers energy
from one circuit to another by electromagnetic
induction
– Consists of ferromagnetic core & sets of windings
– Step-up: Vin Vout
– Step-down: Vin Vout
– Only works with AC
Transformers

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Filter

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 Electrical Devices
• Rectifier
– Converts AC DC
– Designed to have small
resistance to current flow
in one direction & large
resistance in opposite
direction
– Typically called a diode or
rectifier
Thank You

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