Pangan
Materi:
Safety
Analisis
Regulasi
Mikrobiologi
HACCP
Prinsip-Prinsip Penilaian
Keamanan Makanan
(Bahan Tambahan Pangan dan
Kontaminan)
Kuliah-01-19.08.09
Makanan
• Obat = pharmaka
• Makanan = Bromaka
• Analisis Makanan = Bromatologi
Makanan:
• Komponen Nutrisi
• Ballaststoffe dan Rohfasser (Serat)
• Komponen Non Nutrisi:
BTM
Residu
Kontaminan/Cemaran
Safety Evaluasi !!
Definisi Pangan (UU No. 7 TAHUN 1996)
• Article 1:
• 2. For the purposes of this Directive ‘food additive’
means any substance not normally consumed as a
food in itself and not normally used as a
characteristic ingredient of food whether or not it has
nutritive value, the intentional addition of which to
food for a technological purpose in the
manufacture, processing, preparation, treatment,
packaging, transport or storage of such food results,
or may be reasonably expected to result, in it or its
by-products becoming directly or indirectly a
component of such foods.
FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG, AND
COSMETIC ACT (USA)
• CHAPTER II - DEFINITIONS, SEC. 201. [321]
• (s) The term ''food additive'' means any substance
the intended use of which results or may reasonably
be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its
becoming a component or otherwise affecting the
characteristics of any food (including any substance
intended for use in producing, manufacturing,
packing, processing, preparing, treating, packaging,
transporting, or holding food; and including any
source of radiation intended for any such use),.......
Categories of food additives (89/107/EEC)
Berdasarkan Pendekatan
Analisis Risiko
Analisis Risiko
• Suatu proses yang terdiri dari tiga
komponen, yaitu:
-penilaian risiko
-menejemen risiko
-komunikasi risiko
• Risiko:
Suatu fungsi probabilitas dari suatu
efek merugikan dan besaran efek
tersebut akibat adanya bahaya dalam
makanan
Diagram Analisis Risiko
Penilaian Risiko
Evaluasi ilmiah terhadap efek yang
telah diketahui atau berpotensi
merugikan kesehatan manusia
sebagai akibat paparan oleh
bahaya yang terkait dengan
makanan.
Penilaian Risiko
Komunikasi Risiko:
- Proses interaktif pertukaran informasi dan pendapat mengenai risiko
Kontaminan Kimiawi Dalam
Produk Makanan
Kontaminan Kimiawi
• Kontaminan Lingkungan
• Kontaminan Proses
• Residu Antibiotika
Kontaminan Lingkungan
• Bersifat ubiquiter
• Logam berat
• POPs (persistent organic pollutants): residu
pertisida, PCB, Dioksin
• Dari lingkungan memasuki rantai makanan
Kontaminan Proses
• Terjadi selama proses pengolahan
• Akrilamida
• 3-MCPD
• PAH
• Nitrosoamin
Formation and fate of acrylamide
in food
• Acrylamide has been found in certain foods
that have been cooked and processed at high
temperatures, and the levels of acrylamide
increase with the time of heating
• The mechanisms of formation of acrylamide
in food are poorly understood
Exposure assessment
• Average intakes for the general population
were estimated to be in the range of 0.3 to
0.8 g of acrylamide / kg BW / day
• Children will generally have intakes that are
two to three times those of adults when
expressed on a body weight basis
• Dietary intakes of acrylamide by some
consumers may be several times higher than
the average.
Carcinogenicity
• Acrylamide has a carcinogenic potency in
rats that is similar to that of other
carcinogens in food, but the intake levels
for acrylamide are likely to be higher
• For humans, the relative potencies of
cancer-causing agents in food are not
known
Residu Antibiotika
• Residu antibiotika yang digunakan pada
ternak
• Feed Additve
• Pengobatan
Logam Berat
• Pencemaran lingkungan oleh logam berat, terutama Hg, Pb, Cd
• Hg dan persenyawaannya: peralatan lab., pertambangan emas,
industri, dilingkungan tereduksi menjadi metil merkuri,
terakumulasi pada ikan dan produk-produk laut
• Pb terdeteksi pada produk pertanian
• Cd bisa berasal dari industri maupun alam, pada kondisi geografis
tertentu
• Keracunan Akut jarang terjadi
• Membentuk kompleks dengan gugus tiol endogen (enzim protein)
• Eliminasi dari tubuh sulit
POPs
• Umumnya senyawa organik terhalogenasi,
terutama klor
• Dioksin: 2,3,7,8-TCDD yang paling toksik
• PCB: Dioxin like PCB
• Penggunaan konsep TEF (Toxicity
Equivalency Factor) atau TEQ (Toxicity
Equivalent)