LECTURE 3

•ANNEALING PROCESS

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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL HEAT TREATMENT
 Thermal Heat Treatment : Annealing, Homogenising, Hardening, dst.

 Thermochemical Treatment : Carburising, Carbonitriding, Nitriding,

Nitrocarburising, dst.

 Thermomechanical Treatment : Ausforming, Isoforming, dst.

 Innovative surface Treatment : Enhanced plasma diffusional treatment,

Laser/electron beam surface alloying,
Laser surface hardening, PVD/ CVD.

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 THERMAL TREATMENT AS A PART OF
MANUFACTURE PROCESS

ANNEALING :
TO PREPARE MATERIAL /METAL READY TO BE PROCESSED.

HARDENING :
TO PREPARE METAL AS FINAL PRODUCT WITH OPTIMUM
PROPERTIES.

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 ANNEALING PROCESS
--Homogenising

--Normalizing
--Full annealing
--Spherodising
--Stress relieving
--Process and recrystallisation annealing

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 HOMOGENIZING
Heating at high temperature to
austenitephase (), higher from critical temperature
(A3 dan Acm)
 --to remove effect of chemical segregation caused by slow solidification
of ingot/billet.

--Improve hot workability.

Pouring the molten metal

Ingot Chemical segregation HOMOGENISING

sebelum pengerjaan panas

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 NORMALIZING
Slow heating to the upper of    transformation , continued by
Air cooling

 -- Removing unhomogen microstructure.

-- Reduceing the residual stress.
-- To make the material with fine grain size.
CASTING
HOT WORKING:
Forging, Extrusion, Rolling

NORMALIZING

Unhomogen reduction/temperature
Exception: HSS, Shock Resisting Steel, Hot Work Tool Steel
Cold Work Tool Steel D & A (tdk termasuk A10), Mold Steel P4.

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 FULL ANNEALING
Heating to little bit higher than transformation temperature of   
(A3: hypoeutectoid steels dan A1: hypereutectoid steels),
Continued with slow cooling in the oven

--spherodized the ‘proeutectoid” cementite or ather carbide

to improve steel ductility.
- Lowering /minimized hardness/strength to have good deformability
at the cold forming

-- Removing martensite, to have pearlite structure crossing

transformation temperature    .
-- Usually to have good handling along the delivering the material
to the market
Spherodizing the
‘proeutectoid’ cementite
1 2 3 at grain boundaries.

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 ANNEALING - DIAGRAM Fe-C

Homogenising (H)
Normalising (N)
Full-Annealing (A)
Recrystallisation annealing
911°C Austenite Stress-relief annealing
()
Acm  + Fe3C
A3 Karakteristik (H) (N) Full (A)
723 °C A1 Temp. *** ** *
Temperature

 + Fe3C
Metoda -- udara dapur
pendingin
Ferrite
()
Wkt. Proses *** * *
Eutectoid Rendah *  Tinggi***
Hypo Hyper
eutectoid eutectoid

0 0.8 1.4 2.0 Carbon %

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 NORMALIZING VS FULL ANNEALING
Normalizing makes finer microstructure compared the
full annealing although heating conducted at higher temperature
Caused by higher cooling rate.

Heating Cooling
Cycle Cycle
Normalizing
Ac3 Anneal
Temperature

Ac1 F +A

Oven cooling
P +A
Air cooling
Ms

Time Time

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 EHW 98

VARIOUS ANNEALING PROCESS

Spherodising: To have higher machinability) . Heating under critical temperatur A1
( ~723ºC), or a little bit higher than A1 , and holding under A1.

Stress-relief annealing: Heating to under critical temperatur 550-650 ºC of carbon

and lowalloy steel , 600-750 ºC for tool steel . To Reduce the residual stress caused by
cold deformation.
Recrystallisation annealing: Heating up to 600 ºC, below the critical temperature to have
the stress free poligon grain with good ductility and good conductivity . It is imprtant to
the cold deformed steel.

Quench annealing: Delivered to the austenitic homogenized or recrystallisation

annealing, continued by high cooling rate to avoid carbide formation at the grain
boundaries.

Isothermal Annealing: Fast heating up to lower of transformation area, holded 1-2 hours,
continued by air cooling.

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 Impact of Cold Work
As cold work is increased
• Yield strength (sy) increases.
• Tensile strength (TS) increases.
• Ductility (%EL or %AR) decreases.

Adapted from Fig. 7.20,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

low carbon steel

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 Mechanical Property Alterations
Due to Cold Working
• What are the values of yield strength, tensile strength & ductility after cold
working Cu?
Do2 Dd2

Copper %CW  4 4 x 100
Cold Do2
Work
4
Do2  Dd2
 x 100
Do = 15.2 mm Dd = 12.2 mm Do2

(15.2 mm) 2  (12.2 mm) 2

%CW  x 100  35.6%
2
(15.2 mm)
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 Mechanical Property Alterations
Due to Cold Working
• What are the values of yield strength, tensile strength & ductility for Cu for
%CW = 35.6%?

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tensile strength (MPa)

yield strength (MPa)

700 800

ductility (%EL)
40
500 600
300 MPa Cu
300 Cu 400 340 MPa 20
Cu
100 7%
200 00
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 20 40 60
% Cold Work % Cold Work % Cold Work

sy = 300 MPa TS = 340 MPa %EL = 7%

Adapted from Fig. 7.19, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 7.19 is adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties
and Selection: Iron and Steels, Vol. 1, 9th ed., B. Bardes (Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1978, p. 226;
and Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H.
Baker (Managing Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1979, p. 276 and 327.) 13
 Effect of Heat Treating After Cold Working
• 1 hour treatment at Tanneal...
decreases TS and increases %EL.
• Effects of cold work are nullified!

annealing temperature (ºC)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 • Three Annealing stages:
tensile strength (MPa)

600 60 1. Recovery
tensile strength 2. Recrystallization

ductility (%EL)
50 3. Grain Growth
500
40

400 30
Adapted from Fig. 7.22, Callister & Rethwisch
ductility 20 8e. (Fig. 7.22 is adapted from G. Sachs and
300 K.R. van Horn, Practical Metallurgy, Applied
Metallurgy, and the Industrial Processing of
Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals and Alloys,
American Society for Metals, 1940, p. 139.)

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 Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
1. Recovery
Reduction of dislocation density by annihilation.
• Scenario 1 extra half-plane
of atoms Dislocations
Results from annihilate
diffusion atoms
and form
diffuse
a perfect
to regions
atomic
of tension
plane.
extra half-plane
of atoms
• Scenario 2

3. “Climbed” disl. can now tR

move on new slip plane
2. grey atoms leave by
4. opposite dislocations
vacancy diffusion
meet and annihilate
allowing disl. to “climb”
1. dislocation blocked; Obstacle dislocation
can’t move to the right

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 Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
2. Recrystallization
• New grains are formed that:
-- have low dislocation densities
-- are small in size
-- consume and replace parent cold-worked grains.
0.6 mm 0.6 mm

Adapted from
Fig. 7.21(a),(b),
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 7.21(a),(b)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)

33% cold New crystals

worked nucleate after
brass 3 sec. at 580C.
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 As Recrystallization Continues…
• All cold-worked grains are eventually consumed/replaced.

0.6 mm 0.6 mm

Adapted from
Fig. 7.21(c),(d),
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 7.21(c),(d)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)

After 4 After 8
seconds seconds

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 Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
3. Grain Growth
• At longer times, average grain size increases.

-- Small grains shrink (and ultimately disappear)

-- Large grains continue to grow

0.6 mm 0.6 mm
Adapted from
Fig. 7.21(d),(e),
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 7.21(d),(e)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)

After 8 s, After 15 min,

580ºC 580ºC

• Empirical Relation: coefficient dependent

on material and T.
exponent typ. ~ 2
grain diam. elapsed time
at time t. d n
 d on  Kt
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 TR = recrystallization
temperature

TR

Adapted from Fig. 7.22,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

º
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 Recrystallization Temperature
TR = recrystallization temperature = temperature
at which recrystallization just reaches
completion in 1 h.
0.3Tm < TR < 0.6Tm

For a specific metal/alloy, TR depends on:

• %CW -- TR decreases with increasing %CW
• Purity of metal -- TR decreases with
increasing purity

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Diameter Reduction Procedure -
Problem
A cylindrical rod of brass originally 10 mm (0.39 in) in diameter is to be
cold worked by drawing. The circular cross section will be maintained
during deformation. A cold-worked tensile strength in excess of 380
MPa (55,000 psi) and a ductility of at least 15 %EL are desired.
Furthermore, the final diameter must be 7.5 mm (0.30 in). Explain how
this may be accomplished.

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Diameter Reduction Procedure -
Solution
What are the consequences of directly drawing
to the final diameter?
Brass
Cold
Work

Do = 10 mm Df = 7.5 mm

 Ao  Af   Af 
%CW    x 100  1   x 100
 Ao   Ao 
 D 2 4    7.5 2 
 1  f x 100  1     x 100  43.8%
 D 2 4    10  
 o  
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 Diameter Reduction Procedure –
Solution (Cont.)

420 540

Adapted from Fig. 7.19,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
• For %CW = 43.8%
– sy = 420 MPa
– TS = 540 MPa > 380 MPa
– %EL = 6 < 15
• This doesn’t satisfy criteria… what other options are possible? 23
Diameter Reduction Procedure –
Solution (cont.)

380 15

12 27

Adapted from Fig. 7.19,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

For TS > 380 MPa > 12 %CW

For %EL > 15 < 27 %CW

 our working range is limited to 12 < %CW < 27 24

 Diameter Reduction Procedure –
Solution (cont.)
Cold work, then anneal, then cold work again
• For objective we need a cold work of 12 < %CW < 27
– We’ll use 20 %CW
• Diameter after first cold work stage (but before 2nd cold work stage) is
calculated as follows:

 D 2 D 2
%CW

%CW  1  f 2  x 100  1  f 2 
 D 2 2 100
 02  D02
0 .5 Df 2
Df 2  %CW   D02 
 1    %CW 
0. 5
D02  100  1  
 100 
0.5
 20 
Intermediate diameter = Df 1  D02  7.5 mm 1    8.39 mm
 100 
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 Diameter Reduction Procedure –
Summary
Stage 1: Cold work – reduce diameter from 10 mm to 8.39 mm

  8.39 mm 2 
%CW1  1     x 100  29.6
  10 mm  
 
Stage 2: Heat treat (allow recrystallization)
Stage 3: Cold work – reduce diameter from 8.39 mm to 7.5 mm

  7 .5  2  Fig 7.19 s y  340 MPa


%CW2  1   
 x 100  20 
  8.49   TS  400 MPa
 
Therefore, all criteria satisfied %EL  24

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 Cold Working vs. Hot Working
• Hot working  deformation above TR
• Cold working  deformation below TR

Grain Size Influences Properties

Metals having small grains – relatively strong and
tough at low temperatures
Metals having large grains – good creep resistance at
relatively high temperatures

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 Summary
• Strength of metals may be increased by:
•-- decreasing grain size
-- solid solution strengthening
•-- precipitate hardening
-- cold working

• A cold-worked metal that is heat treated may experience

recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth – its properties
will be altered.

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