Slide 1

Structure
of
Plants

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Slide 2
A. Functions of Roots
1. Anchor & support
plant in the ground
2. Absorb water &
minerals
3. Hold soil in place

Root Hairs Fibrous Roots

 Slide 3 B. Root Types
Tap Root

1. Fibrous Roots: 2. Tap Roots –larger central

branching roots hold soil in root reaches deep water sources
place to prevent soil erosion underground
Ex. Grasses Ex. Trees, Carrots, & Dandelions
 Slide 4 C. The Structure of a Root
Root 1. Root Hairs:
Hairs
increase surface
Phloem
area for water &
mineral
Xylem
absorption

2. Meristem:
Meristem
region where
Root new cells are
Cap produced
3. Root Cap:
protects tip of
growing root
 Slide 5 A. Functions of Stems
1.Support system for plant body
2.Transport system carries
water & nutrients
3.Holds leaves & branches
upright
Looking at the
Each light and dark
picture
tree ringtoequals
the left:
one
year of annual growth.
What years had
Light rings for fast
the most
spring rain?
growth, dark for
slow summer growth.
What
Smalleryears
rings tell of
experienced the
past droughts that
have occurred.
worst drought?
 Slide # 6 A. Functions of Leaves
1. Main photosynthetic organ
2. Broad, flat surface increases
surface area for light
absorption
3. Have systems to prevent
water loss
• Stomata open in day but
close at night or when hot
to conserve water
• waxy cuticle on surface
4. System of gas exchange
• Allow CO2 in and O2 out of
leaf Elephant Ear Plant
 Slide # 7 B. Leaf Structures
1.Cuticle: waxy layer; Leaf Cross-Section
covers upper surface Cuticle
• Protects leaf against
water loss

Mesophyll
2.Veins: transports water, Veins
nutrients and food
• Made of xylem and
phloem
3.Mesophyll: contains Stoma
cells that perform (Opening)
photosynthesis 2 Guard
b/c they contain Cells Stoma- singular
Chloroplasts. Surround
each Stomata-plural
Stoma
 Slide # 8

More Plant Parts…

4. Guard cells:
• cells that open
and close the
stoma
5. Stomata: openings
in leaf’s surface;
when open:
• GAS EXCHANGE:
Allows CO2 in & O2
out of leaf Guard Cells Stoma
• TRANSPIRATION:
Allows excess H2O
out of leaf
 Slide # 9 Function of Stomata
•What process involves
Guard Cells Guard Cells
using CO2 and H2O
What
goes O2 H2O releasing O2 as a waste
out? product?

What •Photosynthesis
goes CO2
in?
•What is the plant using this
Stoma Open
processStoma
to make?
Closed
Stoma
•Carbohydrates-glucose
•If the plant needs water for
photosynthesis, why is water
coming out of the stoma?
 Slide # 10 Function of Guard Cells
•These stomata (leaf
Guard Cells Guard Cells
openings) naturally allow
water to evaporate out.
•Why would the plant close
stomata with guard cells?
•Prevent excess water loss
through transpiration.
(conserveStoma
water)Open Stoma Closed

•So what is the point of

having stomata?
•Allow gas exchange for
photosynthesis
 Slide # 11
C. Plants find a use for Transpiration
1. Transpiration: loss
of excess water from
plant leaves
2. Significance:
a. Transpiration causes enough
pressure to help pull water
(& required nutrients) up A B
stem from roots.
A average size maple tree can
b. As part of the water cycle, transpire 200 liters of water
trees transpire water back into per hour during the summer.
the atmosphere.
c. Transpiration provides much Transpiration is the #1 driving
force for pulling water up
of the daily rain in rainforest. stems from roots.
 Slide # 12 Structure of a Flower
Stamen Pistil
1.Pistil:female reproductive Stigma
structure Anther
Style
Filament
Ovary
a.Stigma: sticky tip; traps
pollen
b.Style: slender tube;
transports pollen from
stigma to ovary
c.Ovary: contains ovules;
ovary develops into fruit
d.Ovule: contains egg
cell which develops into
Petal
a seed when fertilized Ovule Sepal
Slide # 13 Structure of a Flower
Stamen Pistil
2.Stamen: male Stigma
Anther
reproductive structure Filament
Style
Ovary
a.Filament: thin stalk;
supports anther
b.Anther: knob-like
structure; produces
pollen
c.Pollen: contains
microscopic cells that
become sperm cells
Petal
Ovule Sepal
Slide # 14 Structure of a Flower
Stamen Pistil
3.Sepals: encloses & Stigma
Anther
protects flower before it Filament
Style
blooms Ovary

4.Petals: usually colorful

& scented; attracts
pollinators

Petal
Ovule Sepal
 Slide # 15
Cross Pollination
• How does pollination
happen?
• Pollen from an anther
is caught by the
stigma, travels
through style to the
ovules in the ovary.
• What is the result of
pollination?
• A Fruit: An ovary
containing seeds.
Slide # 16

Chapter 25

Plant
Responses
and
Adaptations
 Hormone-
Slide #17
Hormone Action on Plants producing
cells
A. Plant cells can produce
hormones: which are
chemical messengers that
travel throughout the plant
causing other cells called
target cells to respond.
Movement
B. In plants, hormones of hormone Target
control: cells

1. Plant growth &

development
Cells in one blooming
2. Plant responses to flower signals other blooms
environment using hormones to open.
Slide # 18 C. Plant cells will send signals
to one another to tell them:
1. When trees to drop their leaves.
2. When to start new growth.
3. When to cause fruit to ripen.
4. When to cause flowers to bloom.
5. When to cause seeds to sprout.
Leaf Drop

Tree Fruit Cactus Sprouting

Budding Ripening Blooming Corn Seeds
Slide # 19
D. Ethylene causes
Fruit to Ripen
1.Fruit tissues release a
small amount of ethlyene
2.Causes fruits to ripen.
3.As fruit become ripe, they
produce more and more
ethlyene, accelerating
the ripening process.

Ethylene released
by apples and
tomatoes causes
fruit to age quickly.
 Slide # 20
Plant Tropisms
1. Tropism: the way a plant grows in response to
stimuli in the environment.
a.Phototropism: growth response to light
-Plants bend towards light

a.Geotrophism: growth response to gravity

-plant roots grow down with gravity, shoots (stems) grow
up against gravity and out of the soil.

a.Thigmotropism: growth response to touch

-vines grow up around trees, venus flytrap closes when
leaves are touched
Slide # 21

What type of tropism is shown in these pictures?