LECTURE 2

OTHER MECHANICAL OSCILLATOR Iwan Cony S.

Department of Engineering Physics
ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATOR Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
OTHER MECHANICAL SYSTEM (PENDULUM)
PENDULUM
Your grandfather clock’s
Its accuracy depend on pendulum oscillation frequency

A pendulum swings because of the combined force

of the gravity mg and the string tension T

Harmonic or not harmonic?

OTHER MECHANICAL SYSTEM (PENDULUM)
• A pendulum swings because of the combined
force of the gravity mg and the string tension T

• Combined force is mg sinθ

• Displacement from the equilibrium is Lθ
• Force is not linear with displacement

Pendulum
• The restoring is not
force F isharmonic
give oscillator.

• The motion
F = mg equation
sinθ for the mass:
ma = -mg sinθ
OTHER MECHANICAL SYSTEM (PENDULUM)
• Taylor-expand F = −mg sinθ around θ = 0

𝒅𝒗 𝒅θ
𝒎 = −𝒎𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏θ 𝒗=𝑳
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 θ
𝒎𝑳 𝟐 = −𝒎𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏θ
𝒅𝒕

With Taylor series expansion, For small angle θ

𝒅𝟐 θ ALMOST
𝒎𝑳 𝟐 = −𝒎𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏θ = −𝒎𝒈θ+O θ 𝟑
𝒅𝒕 LINEAR
 OTHER MECHANICAL SYSTEM (PENDULUM)
𝒅𝟐 θ ALMOST
𝒎𝑳 𝟐 = −𝒎𝒈θ+O θ 𝟑
LINEAR
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 θ
𝒎𝑳 𝟐 ≈ −𝒎𝒈θ
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 θ 𝒈
≈− θ Approximation
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝑳

Although this equation looks simple, it is a nonlinear differential equation and its solution cannot be
expressed in terms of sine or cosine functions unless |θ| is much smaller than 1 rad

𝒈
Oscillation Frequency ω≈
𝑳
 Assuming a solution of the form

θ(t) = θ𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ωt
ENERGY Show that the total energy of the mass (potential and
kinetic) is constant.
ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATOR
(RLC CIRCUIT)
ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATOR
(RLC CIRCUIT)
 ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATOR
(RLC CIRCUIT)

There are three condition

SO, WHAT IS NEXT?

WE WILL DISCUSS ABOUT DAMPED OSCILLATOR LATER
HOW ABOUT THE ENERGY?
PLEASE READ:
Hirose, A., Lonngren, K.E., Fundamentals of wave phenomena, 2nd ed., SciTech Publishing, 2010,
Page 17-19

I WILL RANDOMLY ASK ONE OF YOU TO EXPLAIN THAT IN FRONT OF THE CLASS.
YOU MUST BE READY.
NEXT:
DAMPED AND DRIVEN OSCILLATORS

THANK YOU