Ch.

3 The Mole: Relating the

Microscopic World of Atoms to
Laboratory Measurements

Brady & Senese, 5th Ed.

Learning Check

• How many atoms of C are there in 3.5 × 108 u?

 1 atom C 
8 2.9 ×107
3.5 10 u 
 12.0107 u 

• What is the mass (in u) of 2.33 × 1016 atoms of

H?
16  1 .00794 u  2.35 ×10 16 u
2.33 10 atoms  
 1 atom H 

atomic masses: C=12.0107 u; H=1.00794 u

3.1 The mole conveniently links mass to number of atoms or molecules 2
Your Turn!

Given that the atomic mass of Ba is 137.327u, what

is the mass of 23 atoms of Ba?
A. 3.2×103 u
B. 3.2×10-4 u
C. 1.37×102 u
D. none of these

3.1 The mole conveniently links mass to number of atoms or molecules 3

Your Turn!

A new element is discovered that has a mass of

3.2 ×102 u for15 atoms. What is the atomic mass?
A. 3.2 ×102
B. 0.047
C. 21
D. not enough information
E. None of these answers

3.1 The mole conveniently links mass to number of atoms or molecules 4

Relationships

• 1.66×10-27 kg = 1 u (from the inside back cover

of the book) may also be written as:
• 6.0223×1023 u = 1 g ( a form you will often
use)
• We can use this as a conversion factor to convert
between mass quantities in u, and those in g
1g  
 23 
 6.0223  10 u 

atomic mass units (u) grams (g)

 6.0223  1023 u 
 
 1g 
3.1 The mole conveniently links mass to number of atoms or molecules 5
Learning Check

• How many u of Na are there in 55.2 kg Na?

 10 g  6.0223  1023u 
3
55.2kg   3.32×10 28 u
 kg  g 

• How many g Na are there in 3.2 x 1015 u of

Na?
15  1g  5.3×10 -9 g
3.2 10 u  23 
 6.0223 10 u 

3.1 The mole conveniently links mass to number of atoms or molecules 6

Your Turn!

Which of the following are not equivalent to a

sample of 10.5×107 u of Cu?
A. 1.74×10-16 g
B. 1.65×106 atoms
C. 63.54 u
D. None of these

3.1 The mole conveniently links mass to number of atoms or molecules 7

What Is The Formula Mass Of…?

• Ba3(PO4)2 : 601.9261 u/fu

• (NH4)2CO3: 96.08603 u/fu

atomic masses: Ba: 137.327(7)u; P:30.973761(2)u;

O: 15.9994(3)u; H:1.00794u; N:14.00672u; C 12.0107(8)u

3.1 The mole conveniently links mass to number of atoms or molecules 8

Learning Check:

• How many molecules of CO2 are there in 3.5 ×

108 u? 1 molecule CO

3.5  10 u
8 6 2 8.0 ×10 u

 44.00956 u 

• What is the mass (in u) of 2.33 × 1016 molecules

of H2 ?

2.33  10 atoms
16 2 .01588 u 
×10
 4.70 16 u
 1 molecule H2 
atomic masses: C=12.0107 u; H=1.00794 u; O=15.99943 u
3.1 The mole conveniently links mass to number of atoms or molecules 9
Your Turn!

What is the molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2 in g/mol?

Ca: 40.078 ; P: 30.973761 ; O:15.9994
A. 279.203
B. 215.205
C. 310.177
D. none of these

3.1 The mole conveniently links mass to number of atoms or molecules 10

Your Turn!

What mass in g, of Ca3(PO4)2 (MM=310.1767)

would a 3.2 mole sample have?
A. 1.0×10-3 g
B. 9.9×102 g
C. 6.0×1026 g
D. 1.6×10-21 g
E. None of these

3.1 The mole conveniently links mass to number of atoms or molecules 11

Using The Chemical Formula

• To relate components of a compound to the

compound quantity we look at the chemical
formula
• In Na2CO3 there are 3 relationships:
 2 mol Na: 1 mol Na2CO3
 1 mol C: 1 mol Na2CO3
 3 mol O: 1 mol Na2CO3
• We can also use these on the atomic scale ,e.g.:
 1 atom C:1 fu Na2CO3

3.2 Chemical formulas relate amounts of substances in a compound 12

Learning Check:
• Calculate the number of moles of sodium in 2.53
moles of sodium carbonate
2.53 mol
2 mol Na 
 5.06 mol Na
 1 mol Na2CO3 

• Calculate the number of atoms of sodium in 2.53

moles of sodium carbonate
23
 2 mol Na  6.0223 10 atoms Na 
2.53 mol   
 1mol Na2 CO3  1 mol Na 
3.05×1024 atoms Na
3.2 Chemical formulas relate amounts of substances in a compound 13
Your Turn!
How many atoms of iron are in a 15.0 g sample of
iron(III) oxide (MM 159.68859 g/mol)?
A. 1.13×1023
B. 9.39×10-2
C. 5.66×1022
D. 1.88×10-1
E. None of these

3.2 Chemical formulas relate amounts of substances in a compound 14

Percent Composition

• Percent composition is a list of the mass percent of

each element in a compound
 Na2CO3 is
 43.38% Na
 11.33% C
 45.29% O
• What is the sum of the percent composition of a
compound?

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 15

Percent Composition: How Is It Calculated?

• What is the % C in CO2?

• Determine the molar mass of the compound
 MM=44.00956 g/mol
• Multiply the ratio of the mass of the element to the
molar mass of the compound by 100
 (12.0107/44.009656)×100= 27.2911 %C

MM g/mol C:12.0107; O:15.99943

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 16
Learning Check

A sample was analyzed and found to contain 0.1417

g nitrogen and 0.4045 g oxygen. What is the
percentage composition of this compound?

 0.1417 g N 
  100
 0.1417g  0.4045 g total 
25.94% N 74.06% O

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 17

Your Turn!

A 35.5 g sample is analyzed and found to contain

23.5% Si. What mass of Si is present in the
sample?
A. 6.62×10-1 g
B. 8.88×101 g
C. 1.51×102 g
D. 8.34 g
E. None of these

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 18

Empirical vs. Molecular Formulas
glucose
• The empirical formula is
the lowest whole number C6H12O6
ratio of atoms in a
compound
• Note that the molecular
formula is a whole number CH2O
multiple of the empirical
formula.
C1x6H2x6 O1x6

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 19

Strategy

• Convert starting quantities to moles

• Divide all quantities by the smallest number of
moles to get the smallest ratio of moles
• Convert any non-integers into integers
 If any number ends in a common decimal equivalent of
a fraction, multiply by the least common denominator
 Otherwise, round the numbers to the nearest integers

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 20

Common Ratios And Their Decimal
Equivalents
decimal Fraction multiplier
equivalent For example:
.25
or
¼ or ¾ 4 1.25x 4  5
.75
.3333 1/3 or 2/3 3
or
.6667
.50 ½ 2

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 21

Learning Check:
• A 2.012 g N O
sample of a mass(g) 0.522 1.490
compound
contains MM 14.00674 15.99943
0.522 g of
nitrogen and mol 0.037268 0.0931283
1.490 g of
oxygen. lowest 1 2.50
Calculate its ratio
empirical
integer 2 5
formula
ratio

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 22

Determining The Multiplier, n
• Ratio of the molecular mass to the mass predicted by
the empirical formula and round to an integer
molecular formula mass
n
empirical formula mass
• The actual molecule is larger by this amount
 If the empirical formula is AxBy , the molecular formula
will be An×xBn×y

180.1572 g C6H12O6
glucose n  6
30.0262 g CH2O
3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 23
Example:

• The empirical formula of hydrazine is NH2, and its

molecular mass is 32.0. What is its molecular
formula? n=(32.0/16.02)=2 N2 H 4
• A substance is known to be 35.00% N, 5.05% H
and 59.96% O. What is its EF? Determine the
Molecular Formula if the MM of the compound is
80.06 g/mol
EF: N2H4O3 n=(80.06/80.043)=1

N2H4O 3
MM: N:14.00674; H:1.00794; O:15.99943
3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 24
Your Turn!

Given the composition analysis of lindane (a

controversial pesticide ) what is its empirical
formula? C H Cl
A. C24H2Cl73 24.77928% 2.07943% 73.14129%

B. C2H2Cl2
C. C142 HCl126
D. CHCl
E. None of these

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 25

Your Turn!

We found that the empirical formula was CHCl.

Given that the MM is 290.8316 g/mol, what is
the molecular formula?
A. C6H6Cl6
B. C8H17Cl5
C. C3H5Cl7
D. C5H18Cl7
E. none of these

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 26

Combustion Analysis:

• Empirical formulas may also be calculated

indirectly
• When a compound made only from carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen burns completely in pure
oxygen, only carbon dioxide and water are
produced

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 27

Combustion Analysis:

Empirical formulas may be calculated from the

analysis of combustion information
 grams of C can be derived from amount of CO2
 grams of H can be derived from amount of H2O
 the mass of oxygen is obtained by difference:
 g O = g sample – ( g C + g H )

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 28

Learning Check:

The combustion of a 5.217 g sample of a compound of

C, H, and O gave 7.406 g CO2 and 4.512 g of H2O.
Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
 12.0107 g C 
7.406 g CO2  2.02118 g C
 44.00956 g CO2 
 2.01588 g H 
4.512 g H2O  .5048 g H
 18.01531 g H2O  84

5.217g- 2.02118 g C-.504884 g H= 2.69094 g O

H: 1.00794; C:12.0107; O: 15.99943

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 29
Learning Check (con.):

Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

H: 1.00794; C:12.0107; O: 15.99943
C H O
mass 2.02118 0.504884 2.69094
MM 12.0107 1.00794 15.99943
mol .16828 .500907 .16819
low CH3O
ratio 1 2.97 1
integer
ratio 1 3 1
3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 30
Your Turn!

Combustion analysis of 3.88 g of a compound

containing C, H, and S reveals the following data.
What is the empirical formula of the compound?
A. C6H5S
CO2 H2O
B. C9H2S
9.377 g 1.59 g
C. C5H5S
D. C3H9S2
E. None of these

3.3 Chemical formulas can be determined from experimental mass measurements 31

What Does The Balanced Equation Mean?

• 2CO(g) + O2(g) →2CO2(g)

• For every 2 CO reacted, 1 O2 is also reacted and 2
CO2 are also reacted

3.4 Chemical equations link amounts of substances in a reaction 32

Using The Balanced Equation:

• The balanced equation gives the relationship

between amounts of reactants used and amounts of
products likely to be formed
• The numeric coefficient tells:
 how many individual particles are needed in the
reaction on the microscopic level
 how many moles are necessary on the macroscopic
level
 The stoichiometric coefficient

3.4 Chemical equations link amounts of substances in a reaction 33

Stoichiometric Ratios

• Consider the reaction N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

• What is the ratio between
• N2 and H2 ?
 1 mole N2: 3 mole H2
• N2 and NH3?
 1mole N2: 2 mole NH3
• H2 and NH3?
 3 mole H2 : 2 mole NH3

3.4 Chemical equations link amounts of substances in a reaction 34

Learning Check:
• For the reaction N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3, How many
moles of N2 are used when 2.3 moles of NH3 are
produced?

2.3 mol NH3
1 mol N2 
 1.2 mol N2
 2 mol NH3 
• If 0.575 mole of CO2 is produced by the
combustion of propane, C3H8, how many moles
of oxygen are consumed? The balanced equation
is C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
 5 mol O2  0.958 mol O2
0.575 mol CO2 
 3 mol CO2 
3.4 Chemical equations link amounts of substances in a reaction 35
Learning Check

How many grams of Al2O3 are produced when 41.5

g Al react? 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) → Al2O3(s) + 2 Fe(l)

 1 mol Al  1 mol Al2O3  101.9613 gAl 2O3 

41.5 g Al   
 26.9815 g Al  2 mol Al  1 molAl 2O3 
78.4 g Al2O3

MM (g/mol): Al: 26.9815; Al2O3:101.9613

3.4 Chemical equations link amounts of substances in a reaction 36
Your Turn!

Given the reaction:

H2SO4 + 2KOH→2H2O + K2SO4,
How many moles of KOH are required to make 3.0
moles of K2SO4?
A. 3.0 moles
B. 6.0 moles
C. 1.5 moles
D. None of these

3.4 Chemical equations link amounts of substances in a reaction 37

Your Turn!

Given the reaction:

H2SO4 + 2KOH→2H2O + K2SO4,
How many g of H2O (18.0153) would result from
the complete reaction of 1.2 g H2SO4 (98.08)?
A. 2.4 g
B. 1.2 g
C. 0.60 g
D. 0.44 g
E. none of these

3.4 Chemical equations link amounts of substances in a reaction 38

Balancing By Inspection
• Balance the most complex substance in the
equation first
• Balance elements, H and O last
• Use coefficients to adjust quantities, not subscripts
• Some equations may be balanced using fractions,
but the most common approach allows only for
integer coefficients
• If polyatomic ions remain intact in a reaction
balance them as a group
• If you have an even/odd problem dilemma,
multiply all previously balanced moieties by 2
3.4 Chemical equations link amounts of substances in a reaction 39
 Learning Check: Balance The Following:

1
____Ba(OH) 1 Na2SO4(aq) → ___BaSO
2(aq) +____ 1 4(s) + ____NaOH
2 (aq)

2
___KClO 2
3(S) → ___KCl 3 O2(g)
(s) +___

___H 3 Ba(OH)2(aq) → ___Ba

2 3PO4(aq) +___ 1 6
3(PO4)2(s) + ___H2O(l)

3.4 Chemical equations link amounts of substances in a reaction 40

Your Turn!

Given the following reaction:

KCl + Hg2(NO3)2→KNO3 + Hg2Cl2 , when it is
balanced, what is the coefficient for KCl?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. none of these
Limiting Reagent

• Consider the reaction of N2 with H2 to form NH3:

• N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
• The stoichiometry suggests that for every mole of
N2 we will need 3 moles of H2 to form 2 moles of
NH3.
• So what happens if these proportions are not met?
The reaction proceeds, to use up one of the
reactants (the limiting reagent) and will not use all
of the other reactant (it is in excess)

3.5 The reactant in shortest supply limits the amount of product that can form 42
Limiting Reagents

• Note that in this reaction, some of the O2 is not

consumed. This is because there is not enough
CO to continue consuming the O2.
• Thus, CO is the limiting reagent.

3.5 The reactant in shortest supply limits the amount of product that can form 43
Determining The Limiting Reagent (LR)

• There are several approaches to this. One method

is to compare the quantities available to the
quantities required.
• Any substance present in excess of the
requirement cannot be limiting.

3.5 The reactant in shortest supply limits the amount of product that can form 44
Learning Check:
• Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq)2 H2O(l) + CaCl2(s)
when 1.00 g of each reactant is combined:
• What is the theoretical yield of H2O?
• The limiting reagent?
Ca(OH)2 HCl H2O
1.00 1.00 0.486277 mass (g)
74.09468 36.46094 18.01528 MM (g/mol)
0.013496 0.027427 0.026992 mol
0.013496 mol Ca(OH)2 2 mol H2O
  0.026992 mol H2O TY H2O (mol)
1 1 mol Ca(OH)2
0.027427 mol HCl 2 mol H2O
  0.027427 mol H2O
1 2 mol HCl
Ca(OH)2: 74.09468; HCl: 36.46094; H2O: 18.01528
3.5 The reactant in shortest supply limits the amount of product that can form 45
Learning Check:
How many grams of NO can form when 30.0 g NH3
and 40.0 g O2 react according to:
4 NH3 + 5 O2 → 4 NO + 6 H2O
NH3 O2 NO
30.0 40.0 30.0
mass (g)
17.03052 31.9988
30.0061 MM (g/mol)
1.7615 1.2500 1.0000 mol
1.7615 mol NH3 4 mol NO TY NO (mol)
  1.7615 mol NO
1 4 mol NH3
1.2500 mol O2 4 mol NO
  1.0000 mol NO
1 5 mol O2
NH3: 17.03052; O2=31.9988; NO: 30.0061
3.5 The reactant in shortest supply limits the amount of product that can form 46
Your Turn!

Given 1.0 g each of KCl and Hg2(NO3)2, what is the

expected mass of Hg2Cl2 ?
A. 1.0 g
B. 2.0 g
C. 0.90 g
D. 3.2 g
E. none of these

KCl Hg2(NO3)2 Hg2Cl2

74.5513 525.1899 472.086 MM (g/mol)
Actual Yield

• Often we do not obtain the quantity expected

• This may be due to errors, mistakes, side reactions,
contamination or a host of other events
• Thus we describe the actual yield, the amount
obtained experimentally

3.6 The predicted amount of product is not always obtained experimentally 48

Percent Yield

• The amount of product, predicted by the limiting

reagent is termed the theoretical yield
• Percent yield relates the actual yield to the
theoretical yield
 actual yield 
• It is calculated as: %    x100
 theoretica l yield 

• If a cookie recipe predicts a yield of 36 cookies

and yet only 24 are obtained, what is the % yield?
 24 
%  x100
 36 

3.6 The predicted amount of product is not always obtained experimentally 49