FLOW PAST IMMERSED BODIES

DRAG

The total integrated drag from wall shear is called wall drag,
and the total integrated drag from pressure is called form
drag.
Fanning friction factor=ratio
of the shear stress to the
product of the velocity head
and density = τW /
The variation of CD with NRep is more complicated than that of f with
NRe. The variations in slope of the curves of CD versus NRep at different
Reynolds numbers are the result of the interplay of the various factors
that control form drag and wall drag
Flow past single sphere, showing separation and wake formation:
(a)laminar flow in boundary layer; {b) turbulent flow in boundary
layer; B, stagnation point; C, separation point.
Streamlined body: AB, streamline to
stagnation point B.
FRICTION IN FLOW THROUGH BEDS OF SOLIDS
 Flow of liquids or gases through beds of solid particles.
 filtration – small particles that are removed from the
liquid by a filter cloth or fine screen.
 two-phase counter-current flow of liquid and gas through
packed towers.
 equipment, such as ion-exchange or catalytic reactors, a
single fluid (liquid or gas) flows through a bed of granular
solids.

We will study the flow of a single fluid phase through a

column of stationary solid particles.
The resistance to the
flow of a fluid
through the voids in a
bed of solids is
the resultant of the
total drag of all the
particles in the bed. OR
Depending on the
Reynolds number,
(laminar flow,
turbulent flow, form
drag, and wake
formation occur
 The actual channels are irregular in shape, have a
variable cross section and orientation, and are highly
interconnected.
 to calculate an equivalent channel diameter, it is assumed
that
 The bed has a set of uniform circular channels whose
total surface area and void volume match that of the
bed.
 The total surface area is the surface area per particle
times the number of particles,
 But it is more convenient to base the calculation on
the volume fraction particles in the bed and the surface-
volume ratio for the particles.
Volume fraction particles in the bed = 1 - ϵ, where is ϵ
the porosity or void fraction.
If the particles are porous, the pores are generally too
small to permit any significant flow through them, so ϵ is
taken to be the external void fraction of the bed and not
the total porosity.
To determine the equivalent channel diameter Deq the
surface area for n parallel channels of length L is set
equal to the surface-volume ratio times the particle
volume, S0L (1 - ϵ), where S0 is the cross-sectional area of
the bed:
πnDeqL = S0L(l - ϵ) 6/φsDp
The void volume in the bed is the same as the total
volume of the n channels:
Combining Eqs. 1 and 2 gives an equation for Deq:

Pressure drop depends on the average velocity in the

channels V which is proportional to the superficial or
empty-tower velocity V0 and inversely proportional to the
porosity: