Eukaryotic Cells CONCEPTS: *Life originated over 3 billion years ago as simple prokaryotic organisms and after billion years eukaryotic cells had come into existence.
*Mitochondria arose first, as an eukaryotic
cell engulfed but did not digest a bacterium capable of aerobic respiration. *ENDOSYMBIOSIS
*Currently, there are numerous groups of
organism called protozoans and algae that is originated from early steps in eukaryotic evolution. *another line of early eukaryotes,ones that entered another endosymbiosis which evolved into a chloroplast. This give arise to algae including green algae which in turn produced true plants - EMBRYOPHYTES.
*Early eukaryotes are almost unicellular
and in the past grouped together in the kingdom “PROTISTA” but this was a grade of classification.
*In plants, the reproductive structures
are always complex and multicellular, and only some inner cells become reproductive. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells ● The Earth’s history has been divided into eons by geologist:
■ Is found freely in the cytoplasm (within a ■ Is contained within a nucleus
region called the nucleoid) ■ Is bound to histone proteins ■ Is naked (i.e. not bound with proteins and ■ Genomes contain large amounts of non- therefore doesn’t form chromatin) coding and repetitive DNA (including ■ Genomes are compact (contain little introns) repetitive DNA and no introns) ■ Do not contain plasmids (but organelles ■ Contains extra-chromosomal plasmids such as the mitochondria may contain ■ Is circular in shape their own chromosomes) ■ Are linear in shape and Division *The DNA of prokaryotes lies directly in the cytoplasm; no nucleus is present. As a prokaryotic cell grows, its plasma membrane expands the DNA circles attached to it are separated from each other by cell growth. The cell then pinches in two.
*Most of the DNA of eukaryotes is
located within the nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by two nuclear membranes with nuclear pores. organelles *Prokaryotes lack membrane-bounded organelles, their cytoplasm is rather homogenous, containing only ribosomes and storage granules.
*Eukaryotes have nuclei and mitochondria and
plants and algae also have plastids. In addition, dictyosomes, ER, vacuoles, and vesicles are compound of the eukaryotic endomembrane system.
PROKARYOTES RIBOSOMES: 70S
EUKARYOTES RIBOSOMES: 80S cytoplasmic
70S in organelles KEYWORDS:
Cellular metabolism is the set of chemical
reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. Cellular metabolism involves complex sequences of controlled biochemical reactions, better known as metabolic pathways. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to environmental changes.