Gender Studies: Amna Baig

GENDER STUDIES
Overview
Amna Baig
Gender Studies
 Gender Studies is a trans-disciplinary area of
study which engages critically with gender
realities, gender norms and gender identities
from intersectional perspectives (other social
categorizations: ethnicity, class, sexuality,
nationality)
 Gender studies recognizes that gender has to
be taken seriously.
Interdisciplinary Nature
 Draws on knowledge from Multiple
disciplines--such as literature, history,
economics, psychology, sociology,
philosophy, political science, anthropology
and media studies-- to examine cultural social
assumptions about gender, and sexuality.
Difference btw Gender & Women
Studies
 Gender Studies: Broad Scope. Closer to issues
of practical life. Inclusion of men in the
discussion.
 Women Studies: Mostly focuses on literature
with an aim to further the cause of women in
academics.
Status of Gender Studies in Pakistan
 It’s a growing field. Many universities are
now offering courses in Gender and woman
studies.
 Quaid-e-Azam Univeristy, Karachi University
 Other organizations e.g Aurat Foundation
Lecture 1 Gender (LIHernandez)

Terminologies
 Sex (Biological Differences)
 Gender (Socially constructed)
 Stereotype (Inaccurate Generalizations)
 Patriarchy (Men hold Authority)
 Feminism (Equal Distribution of Resources)
 Misogyny (Hatred towards Women)
Sex and Gender
 Sex refers to the biological aspects of being male
or female
sex differences are physical differences
 Gender refers to the psychological and
sociocultural meanings added to biological sex
 Gender differences result from people’s thinking
about gender
Dimensions of Sex
Sex Dimensions Male Female
1. Chromosomes XY XX
2. Gonads Testes Ovaries
3. Hormones Androgens Estrogens
4. Sexual orientation Heterosexual, gay, Heterosexual,
bisexual lesbian, bisexual
Gender Dimensions
Gender Dimensions Male Female
1. Gender identity Perceives self Perceives self

as male as female
2. Gender role Masculine Feminine
Gender identity is self-defined

Gender role is socially-defined
Determinants of Gender Identity
 Gender identity refers to the personal view of oneself as male
or as female
 Environmental factors were assumed to be central
determinants of gender identity (Social Construction)
 Notion was that social-cultural influences shaped gender identity
Gender Role Development
 Gender roles are societal expectations for
normal and appropriate female and male
behavior
 Social-learning theory argues that gender roles develop as
children:
 receive rewards/punishments for gender role behaviors
 watch and imitate the behaviors of others
 Cognitive-developmental theory argues that children develop
cognitive judgment in their minds about their gender through
organization of social role along sex role dimensions
Feminism
 Belief that Men and Women should have
equal rights and opportunities.
 Feminists advocate equality in Political,
Social, Economic and Legal spheres.
 Different types e.g Liberal, Radical and Social
II. First-, Second-, and Third-Wave
Feminisms
 First-wave (19th century)—political rights
 Second-wave (post-World War II)—gender equality
 Third-wave (1990s to present)—broader group of
women included (Class, ethnicities, religions) Focus
on Queer theory (Abolishing Gender roles and
Stereotypes)
Gender and Development
 Colonial and Capitalist perspectives of
Gender
 Gender approaches to development
 Globalization and Gender
Status of Women in Pakistan
 Women’s Health
 Women’s Education
 Women and Employment
 Women and Law
 Women and Politics
Women Issues in Pakistan
 Gender based Violence
Types of violence
 Strategies to eliminate Violence
Gender and Governance
 Suffragist movement
 Women as voters
 Women as candidates
 Women as representatives
 Impact of political Quota in Pakistan
Case Studies
 Mukhtara Mai
 Malala Yousafzai
 Shermeen Obaid-Chinoy
Lecture ONE
Introduction to Gender Studies

 Definition
“ Gender Studies is the academic
phenomenon that looks at the manner in
which the norms and patterns of behavior
associated with masculinity and femininity
come into being”
 Gendered Power Relations – So boy, would you
were a Lehnga?
Amna Baig
 Need
“52% of worlds population is women”
“Shifting gender perspectives”
“Women’s absence from position of power,
policy and decision making”
 Terminologies
Sex, Gender, Stereotype, Patriarchy,
Feminism, Misogyny
 Concepts
Discrimination, Empowerment,
Mainstreaming
 Gender Roles
“Societal expectations for normal and appropriate
female and male behavior – Legitimized by religion
society and culture”
 Gender Identity
“Personal view of oneself as male or as female”
 Gender Relations
Social and economic relations between males and
females
 Gender Analysis
“Socio-economic analysis that uncovers how
gender relations affect a developmental
problem”
 Equity rather than Equality
“Equal treatment wouldn't’t produce equitable
results”
Difference b/w Gender and Women
Studies
 Women Studies
“An educational strategy for change
consisting of both teaching and research”
“Extension of second wave of feminism”
“Process of creating knowledge in an
environment in which everyone’s a learner”
Studies
 Differences
Women Studies:
Second Wave of Feminism
Narrow perspective (Women Only)
Mostly Concerned with literature
Gender Studies:
Third Wave of Feminism
Wide perspective (Includes Men)
Queer theory (Changing Gender
Roles)
Studies
 Status of Women Studies in Pakistan
“Harbinger of Gender Studies”
- Creation Women's division after 1970
- Funded Five Women Studies centers
- Focus should be on indigenous content
Multidisciplinary nature of Gender
Studies
 What does Multidisciplinary mean?
“Gender studies draws upon methods and
content from wide range of disciplines
including economics, political science,
history, sociology, arts. Literature,
anthropology, psychology and so on”
Multidisciplinary nature of Gender
Studies
 “One is not born a woman but becomes one.”
Simone de Beauvoir
 Gender : Social and Cultural constructions of
masculinities and femininities.
 What is the goal of Gender Studies?
“ Identify, analyze and correct social
inequities both locally and globally.”
Autonomy vs. Integration Debate
 Debate since 1979 (First national women
studies association conference)
 Effects on the question of efficacy, value
and purpose of Gender studies
 Interdisciplinary is still fundamental to
both sides
 Autonomy : Independent program
Women Studies: Focus on teaching and scholarship

Separatist (Radical) approach of Feminists
No support for integration into Gender/Other
disciplines
 Integration: Mainstreaming women's
perspectives across different disciplines and
existing university program
Transforming patriarchal institutes from within

Actual attempt to change academics thus focus on
people of power and influence
Status of Gender Studies in
Pakistan
 Evolved in West, taught on the same pattern
thus absence of Indigenous content
 Center of excellence for Gender Studies
established in 1989 by Ministry of women
development in Five universities across
Pakistan
 Pakistan association for women studies
(PAWS) established in 1991 is also active
Pakistan
 Gender studies is flourishing at
university/postgraduate and doctoral level in
Pakistan.
AIOU
Quaid-e-Azam
Fatima Jinnah
Karachi University
University of Punjab
Bahaudin Zakariya University
Pakistan (Way Forward)
 Need to integrate gender concerns in
established disciplines of social sciences and
research on indigenous gender issues
 Introduce Gender Studies as an optional
subject at secondary, intermediate and
bachelor’s level
 Islamic feminist discourse should be brought
in parallel with liberal, radical and
conservative scholarship
Lecture Two
Social Construction of Gender
Amna Baig
Historicizing Construction
 Seymour Papert coined the term
“constructionism”
 Effects on gender identity and roles – Created
by society
 Roles are prescribed as ideal and appropriate
for the person of that specific sex
Amna Baig
 Social Constructionism is a theory of
sociology that examines the development of
jointly constructed understandings of the
world. It assumes that understanding,
significance and meaning are not developed
separately with in the individual but in
coordination with other human beings.
 No inherent truth to gender – Roles define
gender Amna Baig
 What does it aim to do?
1) Focus is to uncover ways in which
individuals participate in construction of their
perceived reality
2) Looks at the ways in which social
phenomenon are created, institutionalized
and made into reality
Amna Baig
 Elements of the Theory
1) Rationalize their experiences by creating a model
of the social world and how it functions
2) Language is the most essential system through
which humans construct reality
 How meaning is created?
Amna Baig
 Social constructs are by-products of
countless human choices rather than laws
related to human judgments
 In opposition to essentialism which believes
in inherent biological differences
 On going – Dynamic Process – Must be
reproduced
 Must be constantly reaffirmed in order to
persist
Amna Baig
 Impact on Gender
1) Gender is socially constructed and highly
contingent on social and historical processes
2) Ian Hacking: “Legitimate biological basis
for gender may exists but some of the
imperfections about it are socially
constructed”
Amna Baig
 Social constructionism accepts that there is an
objective reality but when central facts are
misinterpreted, misunderstandings arise.
 It places great emphasis on everyday
interactions between people and how they use
language to construct their reality
Amna Baig
Problematizing the category of Sex:
Queer Theory
 Queer Theory:
“An approach to literary and cultural study
that rejects traditional category of gender and
sexual orientation”
 Queer Theory critically examines the way
power works to institutionalize and legitimate
certain forms and expressions of sexuality and
gender while stigmatizing others
Queer Theory
 Teresa de Lauretis coined the phrase Queer
Theory - Judith Butlers book 1990
 Contextual meaning of Queer:
1) Homosexuality
2) Out of the ordinary, not normal
Queer Theory
 Identities are not fixed, specially individual
sexual orientations - Blurring boundaries between
straight and gay
 Push for visibility and celebration of
anomalies - Validates those who were previously thought
to be sexual outlaws
 Questions/Challenges the established gender
norms – Homosexuals are wrong because of their failure to
perform established heterosexual gender norms which are
considered ‘Central’
Is Sex socially determined too?
 Misconception:
1) Gender is socially constructed and Sex is
biologically determined
2) Sex has only two categories : M & F
 Sex is not just genital but has social
influences too.
 Sex is not just based on one single trait but is
a large collection of different characteristics
Is Sex socially determined too?
 Quite possible to have some traits of other
Sex – breast, facial hair, 5 alpha reductase
deficiency M  F (gender consistency)
 Problem lies in the way we view these traits –
categorization into F & M
Masculinity and Feminism
 Masculinity
Attributes, roles and behaviors associated
with men – Social + Biological – Physical
strength, economic independency, courage, assertiveness.
 Exhibited by both men and women
 Traits vary according to culture, location and
context
 Concept of superiority over not just
femininity but also other gendered categories
– Gays and household husbands are considered
‘subordinate’
 Hegemonic designs – Patriarchy in our society, Sole
breadwinners – Upper hand due to economic reasons
 Feminist stance - Masculinity and Femininity
are societal euphemisms for male dominance
and female subordination – Est. norms MBC
 Lines between Men and Women are now
blurring
 Masculinity has become more feminized
1) Structural changes – Work force
2) Ideological changes – Equality
Nature vs Culture: A debate in
Gender Development
 Nature
Hereditary determined – Physiological
differences  Hormones + Genes
 Culture
1) Physical characteristics maybe biological
but Gender is socially determined
2) Values, beliefs are all environmentally
influenced – Appropriate and inappropriate
behaviors
Gender Development
3) Social-learning theory argues that gender roles
develop as children:
 receive rewards/punishments for gender role
behaviors
 watch and imitate the behaviors of others
4) Cognitive-developmental theory argues that

children develop gender schemas
Gender Development
 Third School of Though
Both Nature and Culture combine to create
identities and influence development – Height
influenced by environment (malnutrition),
though a genetic phenomenon but at the same
time genes cannot be altered
 Peer groups and Media also influence Gender
development
Lecture 3
Feminist Theory and Practice
Amna Baig
What is Feminism?
 French Word: Feminism, a medical term to
describe feminization of male body or to
describe women with masculine traits
 Used in USA – Early part of twentieth century
for the group of women with the political
agenda of changing the social position of
women.

What is Feminism?
 Feminism – A movement that confronts the
abuse of power and seeks equality (political
social and economic) and justice. It rests on
two premises women are disadvantaged
because of their sex and this established norm
must be changed.
What is Feminism?
 Feminist – a basic commitment to end female
oppression with different political and social
discourse. Heterogeneity- Sign of a healthy
debate
 Feminist Theory:
1) Comprehensive account of women’s
subordination
2) Identifies underlying causes
3) Develops effective strategies to overcome them
Liberal Feminism
 Gender differences aren't biological – they are
socially constructed
 Common humanity supersedes and overcomes
procreative differences - pushes for equal
opportunity
 Reformist in nature – tries to open up public life
equally to women + men without discrimination,
without challenging patriarchy
 Highlights discrimination at work
Liberal Feminism
 Criticism – Accepts male values and pushes
for women to act like men to ensure equality
in a society.
Radical Feminism
 Cutting edge feminist theory 1967 - 1975
 Focus on oppression of women – Intent on
social change
 Revolutionary in nature – questions gender
roles based on biology
 Labels sexuality as the root cause of
oppression
 Patriarchy – from discrimination to
oppression
Radical feminism
 Criticizes male dominant culture – Male
attributes lead to destruction, Wars.
 Celebrate womanhood – biology gives rise to
psychology, creativity is good.
 Definition – analyses how patriarchy
generates the threat of violence and how
actual violent behavior by men acts as a
controlling agent for women in general,
affecting their identities.
Marxist/Socialist Feminism
 Puts housewives into the structure of
Capitalism – vital to economy
 Criticizes Family as a source of women's
oppression + exploitation – economically
dependent on man. Family is Latin for
servant.
 Brief history of Womanhood – prehistoric
times and evolution of male dominant society
Marxist/Socialist Feminism
 Women's position in Global system – World
systems theory, periphery and core.
 Capitalism should be replaced by socialism to
bring in equality
Psychoanalytical Feminism
 Freud's theory of personality development – Oedipus
complex
 Source of Men’s dominance – Focus on childhood
development
 Two sided unconsciousness of men – Emotional
needs and rejection as potential castrators
 Psychological gendering of childhood – role of
unconsciousness
 Break the cycle – Shared parenting
Men's Feminism
 Application of Feminist theories to the study of
men + masculinity
 Scrutiny of different masculinities in gender
debate
 Analysis of Hegemonic Masculinity
 Gender is embedded in society not in traits
 Gender inequality is not only b/w men and
women but also men of lower economic status
 Military and aggressive sports lead to wars
Post Modern Feminism
 Gender and sexuality are shifting
 Equality will come when there are so many
recognized sexes and genders which cant be
played against each other
 Queer theory – Unique narrative , Celebration
of anomalies
Feminism Waves
 For distinction – categorized into waves
 Different people – different goals – different
influences
 1st , 2nd and 3rd
First wave of Feminism
 Origin: USA + Europe
 Late ninetieth century – early twentieth
 British women struggled for legal rights –
Property rights
 Woman suffrage movement in the USA –
NWP after & during WW1 (parades, marches)
 Interwoven with reformist movements
(abolishment)
First wave of Feminism
 Suffragettes confronted stereotypes – engaged
in public persuasion, challenging the cult of
domesticity.
 Denying vote is denying full citizenship
 19th amendment – 1920
 Equality – Equity - 1960s-1980s
 Equality in broader societal spheres
 Radical Women's liberation Movement
 Post war western societies – clamor for civil
rights
 Neo- Marxists – Patriarchy is inherent in the
society and sexual differences are more
fundamental than class differences
 Socioeconomic struggle – highly theoretical
(Rape, Equal Pay, Family decisions)
 Goal = Equitable access to resources and
opportunities
Third wave of Feminism
 Movement to embrace ambiguity and differences
(age, class, race)
 Women are now more capable, strong with better
opportunities
 Activism through performance, mimicry and
rhetoric's
 Concerned with establishing new critical global
perspective based on alliances
 Concept of travesty – Commands respects of
diversity
United nations conferences on
Women
 Four conferences in Past Quarter century
 Instrumental in elevating the cause of gender
equality to the very center of Global Agenda
 First three decades focused on codification of
women's legal and civil rights and gathering
of data on women’s status
 Second stage developed strategies and plans
of actions
Women
 Mexico City – 1974
International year of Women
Start of worldwide dialogue on women issues
 Copenhagen – 1980
Review and appraisal of World Plan of Action
Areas of focus – Equality Development and
peace
Women
 Nairobi – Birth of Global Feminism 1985
Shifted focus to women of developing areas
All issues are women issues
 Beijing – 1995
Shift from women to gender
restructuring institutions according to gender
needs
Policies to have gender perspective
Feminism in Pakistan
 Two dominant discourses
Secular and Modern Islamic feminism
 Is feminism anti-Islamic?
 Fatima Jinnah and Begum Rana Liaquat Ali
 All Pakistan Women Association – 1949
 Hudood Ordinance – Zia ul Haq 1980
 Conspiracy theories related to feminism on
Pak
Lecture number 4
Amna Baig
 A look at how development decisions and
practices affect both men and women and
developmental impact. It further explores how
gender allots specific roles to men and
women, addressing the issue of control over
resources and power.
Colonial Perspective of Gender
 18th century ---- Colonies
 Women's work was unappreciated – lower
class women suffered more
 Social Pressure to Marry --- Marriage was for
economic benefits
 Husbands were responsible for wives –
economic dependency – could beat wives
 Revolutionary war – new causes --- boycott of
British goods and women's role
Capitalistic Perspective
 Exists in almost all countries
 Means of production are owned by small
minority with a profit motive – reinvest to stay in
business
 Majority are laborers – wage problem – women
have lower wages than men .77$ - 1.00$
 Increased work hours with no decrease in social
responsibility – Presence of children and impact
on women's participation in work
Modernization theory
 To develop means to become modern by
adopting western values and social institutes.
Underdeveloped societies subscribe to value
systems and institutes that hinder development
 Macro theory – historical + social inspiration
 Investigates the effects of modernization process
on human communication and its changing ways
+ Media use in traditional and post modern
societies
 Modernization means the appearance of modes of social
life or organization which emerged in 1700 and spread
worldwide
 Three Main phases:
1 – 1950, explains the diffusion of western styles of
living, supports westernization Highlights the role of
media in:
Economic development – Global Diffusion
Literary and cultural --- State of mind favoring
modernity
National Identity development – Promotes demoocracy
2 – 1970s Criticizes western modernization –
Imperialism
3 -- 1990s Neutral – unearths the contradictions
and tries to explain the consequences,
Traditional societies – direct contact + Modern
societies – mass media interaction
 Bill Rostow’s Modernization Model – 5 stages
1) Underdeveloped society – Traditional society
dominated by values, roles are ascribed not achieved
2) Preconditions for take off – FDI, Capital flows in,
Aid
3) Take off – Traditional attitudes are replaced by their
western equivalents
4) Drive to maturity – Export of manufactured goods,
ITS
5) Age of high mass consumption – development is
achieved rise of urban cities
Modernization Theory
 Cultural change and modernization – Parsons
“Cultural change is imperative if LDCs want to
achievement development”
1) Anti science + Anti secular
2) Restrictions on mobility
3) Population explosion
 Criticism
Traditional values have no value – Japan + Asian
Tigers
Ignores social and economic problems on Western
societies
Under estimates external obstacles to development
World Systems Theory
 Modern World system originated in 1500 –
Immanuel Wallenstein
 Feudalism gave way to Market institutions
 Long distance trade established Economic
Ties
 Europeans established occupational and
geographical division of labor
 A social system that led to global inequalities
World Systems theory
 Core Countries
Dominant Capitalist Countries – strong in
military, not dependent, serves the interests of
economically powerful
First Europe now USA -- Strong central
governments Economically diversified –
exploit the periphery
Sufficient tax base – highly industrialized R&
D
World systems theory
 Periphery Countries
Other end of the Economic Scale – Controlled
by other states
Export Raw material to Core states
Low skilled – Labor intensive production
Weak Governments – least economically
diversified
Small elite – large peasant class
Poor and uneducated – exploited by
Multinationals
 Semi-Peripheral Countries
Midway b/w the aforementioned
Apply protectionist polices
Moving towards industrialization – more
diverse economies, but not dominant in IT
Export to peripheral countries and import
from Core countries
Buffer states b/w core and periphery
 Criticism
Too focused on economy not enough focus on
culture
Prone to generalizations
Lacks quantitative data
Too core centric and state centric – blurring
boundaries between state and businesses
State should be the central unit of analysis
Dependency Theory
 How developing and developed nations
interact
 Formulated in 1950s – Marxist analysis of
global economy as a direct challenge to free
market economic polices of post war era
 Free market ideology propagates open
markets to achieve higher efficiency which
maybe hurtful in the start but beneficial in the
longer run
Dependency Theory
 Dependency theory holds that there are a small
number of established nations that are continually
fed by developing nations at the expense of their
own health – acting as colonial dependencies
sending their wealth to developed nations with
minimal compensation
 Developed nations actively keep developing
nations in subservient positions through economic
forces – sanctions and free trade policies IMF
World bank
Dependency theory
 Degree of dependency increases as time goes
on – developing nations stuck in the vicious
cycle
 The process reinforces disparities between
Developing and developed nations
 Economic and political arrangements of the
global economy exacerbate the third worlds
dependency instead of alleviating it
Structural Functionalism
 Society is a complex unit made up of
interrelated parts
 Gender roles arise from the need to establish a
division of labor that will maintain the smooth
running of the family and contribute to society
as a whole
 Deviance is necessary to reinforce social
order – right and wrong, affirmation of social
norms, unification in the society
Structural Functionalism
 Strain theory of deviance
to achieve culturally approved goals, people
deviate if they don’t have access to
institutionalized means
 Mostly people adapt their goals in response to
the means that the society provides – five type
of reactionists: Conformists, Innovators,
Ritualists, Retreatists and Rebels
Women In Development (WID)
 Modernization was impacting differently on
men and women – development process
appeared to be contributing to a deterioration
of their process
 Second wave feminism --- body of research
regarding role in economy
 WID advocates reject the narrow view of
womens role as mothers and wives and
present them as productive
WID
 Women shouldn’t be seen as passive recipient of
welfare programs rather as active contributors to
the society. They are the missing link in
development
 Woman’s subordination is linked to economic
framework – Status and power relative to their
economic contributions
 Goal is to direct scarce development resources to
women – inefficiencies are caused by restricting
women to houses
WID
 Impact of WID movement
1) Generated discussions and research
2) Institutional machinery was made active to
integrate women in development
 Criticism
Neglects welfare concerns
Production and reproduction are interlinked –
health concerns are ignored
Women And Development (WAD)
 Theoretical and practical approach to
development – A departure from WID
 There should be only Women-only development
projects that remove women from patriarchal
hegemony
 Focus on both Patriarchy and Capitalism
 Criticism
Women only projects are not realistic
Focuses on a particular group of women
Ignores the reproductive side of women
Gender And Development (GAD)
 Focus on socially constructed basis of
difference between men and women – need to
challenge the existing gender roles and
relations
 Social relationship b/w man and woman lead
to subordination of latter
 Gendered division of Labor and gender as a
relation of power embedded in institutions
GAD
 “Maleness and Femaleness in their relative
access to resources”
 Focus on a society where men and women
work together
 Aims to redefine traditional gender roles and
expectations
 Criticism
Emphasis on social difference no mention of
Social bond
Structural Adjustment Programs
(SAPs)
 Economic Policies for Developing countries
that have been promoted by World Bank and
IMF – provision of conditioned loans
 Aim to achieve long term accelerated
economic growth in poor countries
 Emphasis on market as the main allocator of
economic resources and a corresponding
decreased role of Government – Focus on
Privatization and opening up markets
SAPs
 Haven't been able to achieve the set goals in
majority of the countries
 Alternative programs have never been
implemented
 In Pakistan’s case, major policy makers were
employees of IMF or World Bank
 The country still suffers from major economic
challenges despite being in IMF program for
forty years
Globalization and Gender
 Globalization refers to the economic, social,
cultural and political process of integration
that results from the expansion of
transnational economic production, migration,
communication and technologies.
 Economic Globalization:
Unregulated Capitalist economy maximizes
efficiency. Trade liberalizations, Privatization,
Elimination of social welfare programs.
 Feminists argue that the impacts of economic
globalization have been negative on women
who make up most of the poor. 70% The
inequality between rich and poor is ever
increasing
 Political Globalization: Changes in exercise
of political power that have resulted from
increased transnational engagements.
 Prior to WW2 = Westphalia Model i.e state
sovereignty was supreme
 Now, Polycentric Model involving non state
actors that exercise power from above and
below the state
 Supranational institutes exercise power from above
e.g UN, EU WHO etc creating international rules
that constrain sovereignty.
 Feminists believe these institutes have had limited
success in achieving their goals
 Transnational Political movements have emerged
from below. Communications have given way to
transitional political movements “Global civil
society”. Movements for the cause of women, more
successful than economic
Case Study
 Mukhtara Mai
 Malala Yousafzai
 Shermeen Obaid
Lecture 5

Gender Based violence
Amna Baig
Defining Governance
“Decision making by a range of stakeholders
including those in the position of power. These
decisions have a huge impact on the lives of
ordinary citizens as laws are enacted and
resources are allocated on its basis”
Not only Governments but also International

Organizations and Civil Society Organizations
Defining Governance
 Governance – Two edged Sword, Problem as
well as Solution to gender problem.
 Effective governance – accountable, transparent,
inclusive and responsive.
 All rights of citizens must be realized and
protected.
 Fewer women in decision making than men –
inflexible working arrangements for women as
they have to balance caring responsibilities with
work.
 Women are often excluded from decision
making – women’s equal participation in
government is necessary as governance
institutes shape social perception, role men
and women play in a society, their access to
resources – Gender Mainstreaming
 Inclusive governance process – meeting the
needs of both genders thus more effective
Suffragist Movement
 Word suffragette – first used in British
newspaper 1906
 ‘Women campaigning for the right to Vote
and run for office’ – most notably in US and
UK
 International Women Sufferage Alliance was
formed in 1904 by Millicent Fawcett, UK and
Carrie Chapman Catt, USA
Suffragist Movement
 New Zealand was the first country to grant
women the right to vote in 1894
 Eligibility of women act 1918, UK – allowed
women to get elected to parliament. Ten years
later, representation of peoples act granted
women the right to vote.
 India granted suffrage in 1949 --- Saudi did in
2015
Suffragist Movement
 Seneca Falls Convention – 1848 – Elizabeth Caddy and
Lucretia Mott
 National Women Suffrage Association – Susan B
Anthony – Universal Suffrage
 Lucy Stone – Less Radical – American Women Suffrage
Association
 National American Women Suffrage Association – 1890
– Strong activism
 National Women's part – 1916 – Radical
 Women Right to Vote – 1920 – Nineteen Amendment
and WW-1
Gender Issues in Women as Voters
 Women were reluctant to exercise their right to
vote due to established gender roles.
 1970s – second wave of feminism and voting
based on political ideology and social contexts.
 Women Voted for conservative candidates –
Nixon and Eisenhower.
 Security ‘moms’ after 9/11
 Pakistan - security risk and social norms (IDs)
 May 2013 election – Gender Election Monitoring
Gender issues in Women
Candidates
 Low throughout the world – women’s proper
sphere is private sphere
 Many obstacles in Women participation –
Gender inequality at home, patriarchal
Culture, Lack of preparation and Knowledge
 Once elected, given lesser valued cabinets
‘soft industries’
 Challenges in private life
 Pakistan – Reserved seats for women in NA
Gender issues in Women as
Representatives
 Inequality between men and women in position of
power and decision making was identified in Beijing
Platform
 Minimum Benchmark - 30% to ensure critical mass
on Women Parliamentarians – 22%
 As women are primary caretakers – Double dividend
– advocating for children and family
 Pakistan – 60 seats for Women – 21% in NA
 Need to overcome structural and social barriers
 Main issue of effectiveness of representation
Impact of Political Quota In Pak
 Quota – Mechanism by which gov seeks to
increase women participation – Reservations
 Constitutional History – 5-10% in start now
17%, 60 out of 342.
 Constitutional Act 51 – Indirect Proportional
Representation:
‘Political Parties submit their lists of women candidates for
reserved seats to Election Commission prior to election. After
Election results, reserved seats are allocated to political parties in
proportion to the number of general seats obtained by these
parties.’
Impact of Political Quota in Pak
 Quota alone cannot transform quality of
women’s representation – Direct
Representation is needed – only 8 in 2013
 Women’s parliamentary caucus BISP and
Legislation, Highlighted wide range of
women issues on floor of both houses
 Qualitative indicators of women’s meaningful
participation remained low
Defining Gender Based Violence
 Gender-based violence is a general term used
to capture violence that occurs as a result of
normative role expectations associated with
each gender, along with the unequal power
relationship between the two genders within
the context of a specific society.
 Violence against men also exists –
transgressing predominant concepts of
masculinity.
Defining Gender based violence
 Due to unequal distribution of power between
men and women – majority of GBV is
directed towards women.
 Violence against women – any act of gender
based violence that results in or is likely to
result in physical sexual or psychological
harm to women including threats, coercion
and arbitrary deprivation of liberty, occurring
in public and private life.
Defining GBV
 UN DEVAW – 1993 closed an important gap
under international human rights law which
originally excluded private sphere from the
agenda.
 Forced sterilization, forced abortion, rape,
honor killings etc
Theories of Violence against
Women
 These theories try to underscore the causes
behind VAW so that an effective mechanism
can be developed to cope with the growing
problem.
 Psychopathological Theory : Men who abuse
are mentally ill and could be cured through
treatment – Limit their violence to the spouse
unlike other psychological patients.
Women
 Learned Behavior Theory: Violence is learned
in the social setup – many men who witnessed
VAW in their childhood didn’t practice it
later.
 Loss of Control Theory: Violence as a result
of loss of control due to alcohol or building up
of frustration – targeted at certain people, with
control over their abusive behavior
Women
 Learned Helplessness Theory: Women stay in
abusive relationship because constant abuse
strips them of their will to leave – Many social,
cultural and economic reasons for staying, try
to negotiate the relationship based on non
violence.
 Family Relationship/Conflict Model: Both men
and women contribute to the violence as
women provoke men – but men hit when
women sleep
Women
 The Power and Control Wheel Theory:
Different tactics an abuser uses to maintain
power and control over his partner to ensure
submissiveness – attitudes and beliefs rather
than victims behavior determine whether or
not perpetrators are domestically violent
 Patriarchal theory – Culture of violence
theory – Feminist theory – Social Learning
theory – Traumatic Bonding theory
Structural & Direct Forms of
Violence
 Direct Violence: Directly harming another
person e.g torture, rape, beatings etc
 Structural Violence: Avoidable impairment of
fundamental human needs of life which
makes it impossible or difficult for people to
meet their needs or achieve full potential.
Built into structures of the society – inequality
or power distribution
Structural & Direct Forms of
Violence
 Domestic violence – Psychological Violence
– Physical Violence – Sexual Violence –
Emotional Violence – Economic Violence –
Female genital mutilation – Conflict Violence
 Risk Factors: Illteracy, Maltreatment,
Witnessing violence, Alcohol, Past History,
APD, Patriarchal Ideologies
 Consequences: Health, Economic and Social
– On children
Strategies to Eliminate Violence
 Prevention and Response programs
 Education and Awareness
 Health and Freedom

Gender Studies: Amna Baig

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GENDER STUDIES

Lecture 1 Gender (LIHernandez)

1. Gender identity Perceives self Perceives self

2. Gender role Masculine Feminine

Gender identity is self-defined

Introduction to Gender Studies

Women Studies: Focus on teaching and scholarship

Transforming patriarchal institutes from within

Social Construction of Gender

4) Cognitive-developmental theory argues that

Feminist Theory and Practice

Lecture 1 Gender (LIHernandez)

Gender and Development

Gender and Governance

Not only Governments but also International

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