Uihbibh
Uihbibh
• Hipotesis:
harapan vs kekecewaan
• Rencanakan untuk :
- psikoterapi
- farmakoterapi anti depresan, antiansietas, Anti psikotik
- terapi keluarga sesuai yang diindikasikan
ECT
• Depresi berat,
• Menolak makan dan minum dan minum obat
3. Sindroma Neuroleptik Maligna
sindrom yang terjadi akibat komplikasi serius dari penggunaan
obat anti psikotik
• Karakteristik dari SNM adalah hipertermi, rigiditas, disregulasi
otonom dan perubahan kesadaran
• Morbiditas dan mortalitas pada SNM sering akibat sekunder
dari komplikasi kardio pulmo dan ginjal
• Cina RCT: 0,12 %
India retrospektif: 0,14%
Amerika 0,2% - 1,9%
• Jenis Neuroleptik haloperidol, fluphenazin, lebih sering menyebabkan SNM
• Obat anti psikotik lain, tipikal maupun atipikal dapat menyebabkan sindrom ini:
- prochlorperazine (Compazine)
- promethazine (Phenergan)
- clozapine (Clozaril)
- risperidone (Risperdal)
• Obat-obat non neuroleptik yang dapat memblok dopamin dapat menyebabkan SNM juga:
- metoclopramide (Reglan)
- amoxapine (Ascendin)
- lithium
Kriteria A
1. Rigiditas otot
2. Demam
Kriteria B
1. Diaphoresis
2. Disfagia
3. Tremor
4. Inkontinensia
5. Perubahan kesadaran
6. Mutisme
7. Takikardi
8. Tekanan darah meningkat atau labil
9. Leukositosis
10. Hasil laboratorium menunjukkan cedera otot
Kriteria C
Tidak ada penyebab lain (Misal: encephalitis virus)
Kriteria D
Tidak ada gangguan mental
Systemic illness Infection (e.g., sepsis, malaria, erysipelas, viral, plague, Lyme disease, syphilis, or abscess)
Trauma
Change in fluid status (dehydration or volume overload)
Nutritional deficiency
Burns, Uncontrolled pain, Heat stroke
High altitude (usually >5,000 m)
C. The disturbance develops over a short period of time (usually hours to days) and tends to
fluctuate during the course of the day.
D. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the
disturbance is caused by the direct physiological consequences of a general medical
condition.
Coding note: Include the name of the general medical condition on Axis I, e.g., Delirium due to
hepatic encephalopathy; also code the general medical condition on Axis III.
DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for Substance
Intoxication Delirium
D. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings of either (1)
or (2):
A. the symptoms in Criteria A and B developed during substance intoxication
B. medication use is etiologically related to the disturbance*
Note: This diagnosis should be made instead of a diagnosis of substance intoxication
only when the cognitive symptoms are in excess of those usually associated with the
intoxication syndrome and when the symptoms are sufficiently severe to warrant
independent clinical attention.
*Note: The diagnosis should be recorded as substance-induced delirium if related to
medication use.
D. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the
symptoms in Criteria A and B developed during, or shortly after, a withdrawal syndrome.
Note: This diagnosis should be made instead of a diagnosis of substance withdrawal only
when the cognitive symptoms are in excess of those usually associated with the withdrawal
syndrome and when the symptoms are sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical
attention.
Code (Specific substance) withdrawal delirium:
(Alcohol; Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic; Other [or unknown] substance)
D. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the
delirium has more than one etiology (e.g., more than one etiological general medical
condition, a general medical condition plus substance intoxication or medication side effect).
Coding note: Use multiple codes reflecting specific delirium and specific etiologies, e.g.,
Delirium due to viral encephalitis; Alcohol withdrawal delirium.
DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for Delirium Not Otherwise
Specified
1. This category should be used to diagnose a delirium that does not meet criteria for any
of the specific types of delirium described in this section.
Examples include A clinical presentation of delirium that is suspected to be due to a
general medical condition or substance use but for which there is insufficient evidence to
establish a specific etiology
2. Delirium due to causes not listed in this section (e.g., sensory deprivation)
Patofisiologi
• Mekanisme ?
• Hipotesis: neurotransmiter yang terlibat: asetilcolin,
neuronatomi yang terlibat: formasio retikular dan dorsal
tegmented pathway
• Adanya penurunan aktivitas asetilkolin pada otak
• Pada delirium toxicity: karena aktivitas antikolinergik yang
tinggi.
• Pada delirium ketergantungan alkohol: berhubungan dengan
hiperaktivitas locus serileus dan noradrenergik neuron
• Neurotransmiter lain: serotonin dan glutamat
Sub-tipe Klinis
A. Delirium Hiperaktif
- paling sering terjadi dan mudah dikenali
- dgn gejala agitasi, psikosis, labilitas mood, dll
- disebabkan oleh intoksikasi, obat antikolinergik,
ketergantungan alkohol
B. delirium Hipoaktif
- sering terjadi namun sulit dikenali
- gejala : bingung, lethargi dan malas
- disebabkan oleh ggn metabolit dan encephalopati
• Demensia
• Depresi
• Psikosis
DD Delirium VS Demensia
GAMBARAN DEMENSIA DELIRIUM