SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

KOVAIPUDUR,COIMBATORE-641 042.

1
BASIC CIVIL
ENGINEERING
 What is engineering???
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bipTWWHya8
A

 A day as an electrical engineer

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0tyMnKPRw
k

 A day as a civil engineer

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6Kf_XTCt9Q
ENGINEERING
 The art of converting knowledge in to useful
applications
 Civil engineering is that branch of engineering
that aims to provide a comfortable and safe living
for the people.
SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 Surveying, leveling and remote sensing
 Structural engineering
 Geotechnical engineering
 Fluid mechanics, hydrology and hydraulic machines
 Transportation engineering
 Water supply, sanitary and environmental
engineering
 Irrigation engineering
SURVEYING, LEVELING AND REMOTE
SENSING

 The art of determining the relative positions of

points on, above or beneath the surface of the
earth by means of direct or indirect
measurements of distance, direction and
elevation.
 Remote sensing uses the technique of obtaining
the data about an area by taking aerial
photographs.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
 Deals with the analysis and design of size and
location of various components of the buildings.
Optimum design and construction techniques
result in economy in the construction project.
 Analysis methods :- Slope deflection method,
moment distribution method.
GEO TECHNICAL ENGINEERING
 Structures are founded on soil hence thorough
knowledge of properties and behaviour of soil is
necessary
 Soil mechanics deals with physical and
mechanical properties of soil.
 Geotechnical engineering deals with the analysis,
design and construction of foundations and
retaining structures.
FLUID MECHANICS, HYDRAULICS AND
MACHINES

 Deals with the properties and behavior of fluids

at rest or in motion.
 Much similar to the study of plane flights,
movement of fish in the water and circulation of
blood in the veins.
 Hydraulics machinery is that which utilizes the
hydraulic energy of water.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
 It includes the traffic studies and design,
construction and maintenance of roads, rail ,
bridge and tunnels.
 The economic and industrial growth of a nation is
directly proportional to the accessibility of
resources and the articulation of knowledge.
WATER SUPPLY, SANITARY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

 Water supply engineering deals with the location,

collection, treatment, tests and efficient supply of
water.
 Used water, solid, toxic wastes etc cannot be disposed
directly. Hence sanitary engineering deals with the
collection of used water, their treatment methods and
effective disposal.
 Environmental engineering deals with the methods of
protecting the environment from the damaging effects
of human activity.
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

 Irrigation – the process of supplying water by man-

made methods for land cultivation.
 Irrigation engineering includes the study and design of
works related to the control of river water and drainage
of water logged areas.
 It simply deals with the control and harnessing
activities of water resources.
FUNCTIONS OF A CIVIL ENGINEER
 Investigation
 Surveying

 Planning

 Design

 Execution

 Research and development

COMPONENTS OF A STRUCTURE
 Sub- structure
 Foundations
 Shallow foundations
 Deep foundations

 Super structure
 Brick masonry
 Stone masonry
 RCC members
 Columns
 Lintels
 Roofing
 Flooring
 Plastering
 Painting
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
 Bricks
 Stones

 Sand

 Cement

 Concrete

 Steel
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Density
 Bulk density or unit weight

 Specific gravity

 Porosity

 Water absorption

 Permeability

 Weathering resistance

 Thermal conductivity

 Durability

 Corrosion

 Chemical resistance
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
 Strength
 Fatigue
 Hardness
 Elasticity
 Plasticity
 Abrasive resistance
 Creep
 Impact strength
 Ductility
 Brittleness
 Malleability
 Toughness
BRICKS
 Composition
 Qualities

 Classification

 Tests

 Uses
COMPOSITION OF GOOD BRICK EARTH
 Alumina
 Silica

 Lime

 Iron oxide

 Magnesia

 Alkalis

 Organic matter
QUALITIES
 Colour
 Perfect edge

 Shape and size

 Burning equally

 Homogenous

 Metallic ringing sound

 Water absorption

 Low thermal conductivity

 Crushing strength

 Fire resistance
CLASSIFICATION
 Based on manufacturing method
 Sun-dried or katcha bricks
 Burnt or pucca bricks
 Based on quality
 First class
 Second class
 Third class
 Fourth class
 Special types
 Pressed bricks
 Perforated bricks
 Hollow bricks
 Paving bricks
 Sand-lime bricks
 Refractory fire bricks
TESTS
 Shape and size test
 Soundness test

 Structure test

 Test for colour uniformity

 Hardness test

 Water absorption test

 Crushing or compressive strength test

 Test for presence of soluble salts

USES
 Construction of walls, partition walls compound
walls and columns
 For construction of different components of
bridges and structures
 Hollow bricks are useful in speedy construction

 Pressed bricks are useful in decorative works

 Paving bricks for pavements, roads as they have

higher abrasion resistance
STONES
 Classification
 Qualities

 Tests

 Types

 Uses
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
 Geological classification
 Igneous
 Sedimentary
 Metamorphic

 Physical classification
 Stratified
 Unstratified
 Foliated

 Chemical classification
 Silicious
 Argillaceous
 calcareous
QUALITIES
 A good quality stone should be
 Durable
 Sharp, even and clear
 Not easily affected by fire
 Free from cracks, cavities etc
 Crushing strength should be greater than 100N/mm2
 With specific gravity greater than 2.7
 With water absorption less than 0.6% of its weight.
TESTS
 Impact test – determines toughness
 Crushing strength test

 Attrition test

 Water absorption test

 Freezing and thawing test

 Microscopic test

 Smith’s test
TYPES
 Granite
 Sandstone

 Lime stone

 Laterite

 Grisses

 Marble
USES
 Used in construction for walls, masonry, arches
etc
 For facing works in brick masonry

 As ballast for railway tracks

 As flux in blast furnace

 As coarse aggregates in concrete.

SAND
 Composition
 Qualities

 Classification

 Uses
COMPOSITION
 Sand is a naturally occurring granular amterial
composed of finely divided rock and mineral
particles.
 Generally classified on the basis of grain size
distribution as gravel, sand, clay and silt.
 The particles that pass through IS 4.75 mm sieve
and retained on 75 micron sieve is termed as
sand
QUALITIES OF SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION
 It should be angular, hard and durable
 Free from dirt

 Chemically inert

 Should be well graded

 Free from clay lumps

CLASSIFICATION
Type Passes Retained on
through
Coarse 4.75 mm 2mm
Medium 2mm 425 micron
Fine sand 425 micron 75 microns
Sand can be got from
i. By excavation
ii. From river
iii. From sea
USES
 Principal component of concrete and glass
production
 Brick manufacture

 Sandbags are used for protection against floods

and gun fire
 Railroads use sand for improving the traction of
wheels on the rails
CEMENT
 Composition
 Qualities

 Types

 Tests

 Uses
 The main constituents of Ordinary portland cement
are clay and calcium carbonate

Ingredient Percentage
Lime 62
Silica 22
Alumina 5
Calcium sulphate 4
Iron oxide 3
Magnesium oxide 2
Sulphur trioxide 1
Alkalis 1
Total 100
PROPERTIES
 Physical
 Good binding property
 High strength
 Setting time
 Good plasticity
 Fineness
 Chemical
 Sulphur residue
 Weight of magnesia
 Ratio of percentage of alumina to iron oxide
 Insoluble residue
TYPES
 Ordinary portland cement
 Portland pozzolona cement

 Quick setting cement

 White cement

 Acid resisting cement

 High alumina cement

 Low heat cement

TESTING OF PORTLAND CEMENT
 Fineness test
 Specific gravity test

 Consistency test

 Setting time

 Soundness test

 Compressive strength test

 Tensile test
USES
 Brick and stone masonries
 Flooring and finishes

 Pointing

 Joints of pipes

 Cement concrete

 Engineering structures
CONCRETE
 Composition
 Qualities

 Classification

 Tests

 Uses
COMPOSITION
 Binding material ( Cement )
 Fine aggregate

 Coarse aggregate

 Water
PROPERTIES
 Homogeneity
 Workability
 Segregation
 Bleeding
 Compressive strength
 Tensile strength
 Minimum shrinkage
 Density
 Porosity
 Free from corrosion
 Minimum creep
 Minimum thermal expansion
CLASSIFICATION
 Based on binding material
 Cement concrete
 Lime concrete

 According to design
 Plain cement concrete
 Reinforced cement concrete
 Pre-stressed cement concrete

 According to purpose
 Light weight concrete
 Fibre-reinforced concrete
 Polymer cement concrete
TESTS
 Slump test
 Compressive strength test

 Deflection test

 Compaction factor test

STEEL
 Composition
 Classification

 Tests

 Uses
STEEL
 It is an alloy of iron and carbon with up to 1.2% carbon
 Classified as
 Wrought iron (upto .15% C)
 Steel ( C from .25 to 1.5%)
 Cast iron ( C from 2 to 4%)

 Steel is strong in compression as well as in tension. Hence

suitable for all construction purposes.
CLASSIFICATION
 Low carbon or mild steel
 Carbon content between 0.15% and 0.35%
 Medium carbon or medium hard steel
 Carbon content between 0.35% and 0.60%
 High carbon or hard steel
 Between 0.60% and 1.5%