LTE Basics Physical Layer

LTE Basics Physical Layer
1
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
2
Pulse shaping and Spectrum
Two characteristics are important for a Signal:
The time domain The frequency domain
Fourier
Transform
Define the time duration of a signal Define how much spectrum is

“how long the symbol pulses on air” used over a specific bandwidth
3
The rectangular Pulse
Rectangular pulse Sinc-shaped spectrum

(Time domain) (Frequency domain)
Fourier
Transform
Advantages: Disadvantage:
• Simple to implement, there is no •it allocates a quite huge spectrum.
complex filter system required •Higher RF amplifier requirement
•Fixe duration on time: good for multi-
path propagation environments and
facing inter-symbol interference.
4
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
5
Multi-Carrier Modulation
•Dividing the whole spectrum to

subcarriers and using them in parallel
(Subcarriers).
•Better spectrum efficacy, by using

small carriers with low spacing to
carry independent symbols
6
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi-
Carrier
In OFDM:
 Overlapping carriers increases
special efficiency compared to
conventional FDM
Orthogonality between carriers
Parallel transmission of payload
across multiple
Simple rectangular pulse during
modulation period
7
Spectrum Overlapping of multiple OFDM
carriers
Orthogonal Subcarriers:
it means that at the subcarriers
center frequencies, there is no
Adjacent Carrier Interefence (ACI)
No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference)
8
LTE/EUTRAN Air Interface
Carrier
Bandwidth Number of
 In LTE, the DL air interface is based in Sub-Carriers
OFDMA (MHz)
1.4 72
 LTE uses a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing (fs)
with 66.67 μs as Symbol 3 198
5 330
 A single cell of EUTRAN uses at least 72
subcarriers and maximum 1320 10 660
subcarriers. 15 990
20 1320
(1320 Subcarriers)
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
10
OFDM Advantages/Disadvantages
Key OFDM Advantages
•Increase Spectrum Efficiency
–Carrier orthogonality allows tight packing
•Robustness to Multipath Fading
–Cyclic Prefix and choice of Ts (The symbol length)
•Scalable Bandwidth Allocation
–Narrow carrier bandwidth increases flexibility
Disadvantages
•High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
–Instantaneous power can vary dramatically within an
OFDM symbol
• Lower PA efficiency or
•Increased costs
•Sensitive to frequency and Timing Errors
–Transmitter and Receiver need to remain synchronized
•Guard Band Requirement
–Slow roll due to rectangular pulse
11
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
12
Leakage effect due to Frequency Drift: ICI
Two effects begin to work:

1.-Subcarrier 2 has no longer its ∆P
power density maximum here - so
we loose some signal energy.
2.-The rest of subcarriers (0, 1, 3

and 4) have no longer a null point
here. So we get some noise from
the other subcarrier. ICI
I3
I1
I4
I0
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
ICI = Inter-Carrier Interference
13
Multipath Effect (1/3)
Signals follow several propagation paths:

•Line of sight (LOS)
•Non-line of sight (NLOS)
•Multiple copies of the signal arrives at the

receiver with different intensities, phase
offset, and delays.
•Multiple versions of the same signal may
constructively and destructively interfere
with each other.
14
In OFDM, multipath causes loss of orthogonality

•Delayed paths cause overlap between symbols
Cyclic Prefix (CP) insertion helps maintain orthogonality
Insert the CP by copying and pasting the tail of the

modulation symbol
15
Cyclic Prefix
•Mitigates inter-symbol Interference (ISI)

•Reduces efficiency
•Useable time per symbol is TU/(TU+TCP)
•Selection of cyclic Prefix governed by delay spread
16
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
17
Different Multi-Access techniques
18
OFDM Multiple Access
• Up to here we have only discussed simple point-to-point or broadcast

OFDM.
• Now we have to analyze how to handle access of multiple users
simultaneously to the system, each one using OFDM.
• OFDM can be combined with several different methods to handle multi-
user systems:
Plain OFDM
Time Division Multiple Access via OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OFDMA®
19
Plain OFDM
Plain OFDM
time
...
+ no built-in multiple-access mechanism ...

...
...
- Suitable for broadcast systems without an
subcarrier
. . . . .
uplink feedback channels (i.e DVB-T/H) . . . . .
. . . . .
...
...
...
...
common info
(may be addressed via ...
Higher Layers)
Time Division Multiple Access via OFDM
Time Division Multiple
Access on OFDM
time
...
+ Simple to implement
1 2 3 1 2 ...
- No flexibility on bit rate services ...
1 2 3 1 2 ...
subcarrier
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
...
...
1 2 3 1 2 ...
1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info ...

1 2 3 1 2
(may be addressed via ...
Higher Layers) 1 2 3 1 2
OFDMA® is registered trademark of Runcom Technologies Ltd.
21
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OFDMA®
+ Flexible resources allocation mechanism lead to Easy handling of
high and low bit rate users simultaneously
+ Resource blocks (RB) or scheduling blocks (SB) mechanism to

run highly variable traffic efficiently
+ Set of multiple subcarriers over some time
- More built-in multiple-access mechanism
22
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
23
Resources allocation methods
The assignment of subcarriers can be:
Localized:
•Use consecutive subcarriers
•Simpler to implement
•LTE uses localized SC-FDMA
for data and control channels
Distributed:
•Distribute subcarriers across
frequency bands
•Increases frequency diversity
•Also increases complexity
24
Localized OFDMA/SC-FDMA Interleaved (Distributed) OFDMA/SC-FDMA
time time
• 4..7 dBlower Pick to

•Channel conditions is not a Average Power Ratio PAPR
critical input for the than localized version
scheduler …
subcarrier
subcarrier
•Detailed information about
•Overall channel each channel is needed by
estimation, thus simpler the scheduler
receiver
…
•Throughout Lower then in
Localized assignment mode
25
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
26
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
• The transmitted power is the sum of

the powers of all the subcarriers
• More subcarriers, cause higher peak

to average power ratio (PAPR)
• The higher the peaks, the greater

the power range levels over which
the transmitter is required to work.
• High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

(PAPR) in transmitted signal: this
results in requirements for expensive
non-linear power amplifiers, with low
power conversion efficiency
(especially on UE side).
27
SC-FDMA (solution)
High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is significant

problem for the Uplink:
•Large variations of power on a per carrier basis with
OFDM
Required characteristics of a UE transmitter

are:
OFDMA
•Low complexity
SC-FDMA
•Limited transmit Power

•Low Cost
These characteristics can be achieved by using Single

Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)
•Also Known as Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFTS-
OFDM)
•This mechanism can reduce the PAPR of 6..9 dB compared to
normal OFDMA.
• SC-FDMA is one option in WiMAX (802.16d) and it is
the method selected for EUTRAN in the uplink direction.
28
SC-FDMA characteristics
•SC-FDMA uses DFT precoding of user data

Individual bits mapped across multiple frequencies
•DFT size (M) defines number of subcarriers allocated to user data
•Time domain signal more resembles a single carrier

PAPR reduced
29
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison (1/2)
• OFDMA transmits independent data in deferent multiple subcarriers
• SC-FDMA spread data over a set of subcarriers
OFDMA SC-FDMA
30
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison (2/2)
31
Summary: OFDMA/ SC-OFDMA
• OFDMA Downlink / SC-FDMA Uplink

• Channel Bandwidths: 1.4, 3,5,10,15 and 20 MHz
• Subcarrier Bandwidth: 15 kHz
• 7.5kHz also supported for Broadcast/Multicast
• Two cyclic Prefix choices:
• Normal and Extended
• Data Modulation: QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM
32
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
33
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
• The practical implementation of an OFDM system is based on the use of the

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and the inverse operation (IDFT) to switch
between time and frequency domain representations
• The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a faster method for calculating the
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and it is and fundamental element in OFDM
T
t FFT 1/T f
T
FFT
t 0 f
FFT = Fast Fourier Transform

IFFT = Inverse FFT
34
FFT Application in OFDMA
• FFT & IFFT are blocks included in an OFDMA system:

• FFT in the Receiver
• IFFT in the Transmitter
35
OFDM Transmitter
36
OFDM Receiver
Frequency Domain
Time Domain s’0 s0 B10 ,B11,…

Bit Mapping
s’1 s1 B20 ,B21,…

De- Bit Mapping
A
Channel Correction
I rotator
Low Noise Amp.
Bit Distribution
RF
Demodulator
+ Bandpass
D Soft Bit
FFT
. . . .
Coded
. . . . Data
Q A
. . . .
signal strength
signal autocorreation
D
phase correction
j
s’N-1 sN-1 BN-1 0 …
AGC Bit Mapping
LNA gain Automatic
response
channel
adjust
Gain Control reference

timee
QPSK
(pilot)
Im
Channel 01 11
Frequency And Timing Sync Estimation d11
sk
Re
d10
00 10
37
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
38
LTE FDD and TDD Modes
t
t
Duplex Time
Bandwidth Bandwidth Bandwidth
Uplink
UL
UL
UL
Uplink Downlink DL
DL Downlink
DL
DL
f
f
Duplex Frequency
39
FDD vs TDD
FDD Mode TDD Mode
•Reciprocity of UL and DL
Better L1 performance for Low Ue velocities
•Faster scheduling possible Reduced L1 signaling
•No interference problem Easy open loop algorithms possible
Easy coexistence with neighbor •Support of Asymmetric UL and DL traffic
operators Less restrictions for pico and micro cells
•No cell synchronization necessary But very strong restrictions for macro cells
•Deployment in unpaired bands possible
But coexistence issues with other systems and
other operators
40
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
41
LTE Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes
FDD mode (1/2)
42
FDD mode (2/2)
43
TDD mode (1/2)
•The DwPTS/GP/UpPTS are in special “S » subframe

•There are 7 different configurations for the duration of DwPTS/GP/UpPTS
44
TDD mode (2/2)
•LTE-TD can coexist with TD-SCDMA
45
OFDMA Resource Block for LTE/EUTRAN
F
• EUTRAN combines OFDM symbols in so called Subcarriers

resource blocks (RB)
• A single resource block is always 12
Resource Block
consecutive subcarriers during one slot ( 0.5 ms)
Bandwidth
180kHz
•The scheduler always allocates minimum of 2
consecutive RB for one user Subcarrier
Bandwidth
•1 ms This is the transmission time interval (TTI) 15kHz
in LTE
•A single cell must have at least 6 resource blocks
(72 subcarriers) and up to 110 are possible (1320
subcarriers)
T
Slot Slot
Subframe 1ms
OFDMA resource Grid for LTE/EUTRAN.
Channel Estimation
•Channel estimation based on reference symbols (Pilot Symbols).
•Reference symbols helps the UE to keep the synchronization with the
network over the air interface, both in term of time and frequency
synchronization.
•In WCDMA common pilot channel (CPICH) was used for this (together
with reference symbols on DCH).
47
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
48
3GPP Spectrum allocation
49
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
50
OFDM and modulation techniques
Each tone can be modulated with:

• BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying)
• QPSK ( Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
• 16-QAM or 64-QAM ( Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
Thus, each tone can carry 2 to 6 coded bits for each symbol time
51
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
52
MIMO (for Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs)
• It is a key technology to increase a channel’s capacity by using

multiple transmitter and receiver antennas.
• The very basic ideas behind MIMO have been established already
1970 but have not been used in radio communication until 1990.
• MIMO is currently used in 802.11n, 802.16d/e to increase the
channel capacity.
• Many MIMO schemes standardized in 3GPP:
– HSDPA Rel 7
– LTE Rel 8 (2x2 and 4x4 MIMO configurations)
– More advanced schemes being studied for Rel9 and Rel 10
– Also used in 802.11, Wimax and other non-3GPP technologies
• The ability to dynamically adapt to changing channel conditions
is a key focus of LTE Rel 8
TX RX
MIMO
Tx Channel Rx
53
MIMO characteristics
• Transmission of several independent data streams in parallel over

uncorrelated antennas (i.e. separated by >= 10 λ)
Increased data rate
• The radio channel consists of NTx x NRx (ideally uncorrelated paths
• Theoretical maximum rate increase factor= Min (NTx, NRx) (in a rich
scattering environment; no gain in a line-of-sight environment)
Multiple codeword (MCW): each stream/ antenna has its own FEC coding
54
MIMO implementation types (1/2)
MIMO gains depends on how the data pipes are used.

•Data stream on only the strongest pipe- Beamforming
‒Use all the power on the strongest pipe( i.e., the most efficient pipe)
‒Increased coverage and signal SNR
•Different data streams on different pipes – Spatial Multiplexing

‒Increased spectral efficiency (increased overall throughput)
‒Power is divided among the data streams
•Same data on all the pipes - Diversity Gain

‒Increased coverage and link quality
•Different data on different pipes for different users- SDMA

‒Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDMA) is also referred to as co-channel
interference reduction
‒Increased system capacity
55
MIMO implementation types (2/2)
Radio channel
MISO (Multiple In Single Out)

eNodeB Beam forming
Transmit diversity
Radio channel
SIMO (Single In Multiple Out)

eNodeB Receive diversity
Radio channel
MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out)

eNodeB
All above + Spatial multiplexing (MIMO)
56
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
57
Downlink Peak Bit Rate
2x2 MIMO (2 antennas for TX, 2 Antennas for RX)

64QAM
Control overhead 7.1%
Reference symbol overhead 7.7%
58
Uplink Peak Bit Rate
Single stream transmission with 16QAM assumed

Reference symbol overhead 14.3%
One resource block for Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
59
Module Contents
SC-FDMA
FDD vs TDD
MIMO
LTE UE Categories
60
LTE UE Categories
All categories support 20 MHz
64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5)
2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1
Qualcomm first chipset has 50 Mbps downlink and 25 Mbps uplink
61
Summary
62

LTE Basics Physical Layer

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LTE Basics Physical Layer

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LTE Basics Physical Layer

Two characteristics are important for a Signal:

The time domain The frequency domain

Define the time duration of a signal Define how much spectrum is

Rectangular pulse Sinc-shaped spectrum

•Dividing the whole spectrum to

•Better spectrum efficacy, by using

No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference)

Two effects begin to work:

2.-The rest of subcarriers (0, 1, 3

Signals follow several propagation paths:

•Multiple copies of the signal arrives at the

In OFDM, multipath causes loss of orthogonality

Cyclic Prefix (CP) insertion helps maintain orthogonality

Insert the CP by copying and pasting the tail of the

•Mitigates inter-symbol Interference (ISI)

• Up to here we have only discussed simple point-to-point or broadcast

Time Division Multiple Access via OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OFDMA®

+ no built-in multiple-access mechanism ...

1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info ...

+ Resource blocks (RB) or scheduling blocks (SB) mechanism to

+ Set of multiple subcarriers over some time

- More built-in multiple-access mechanism

The assignment of subcarriers can be:

Localized OFDMA/SC-FDMA Interleaved (Distributed) OFDMA/SC-FDMA

• 4..7 dBlower Pick to

• The transmitted power is the sum of

• More subcarriers, cause higher peak

• The higher the peaks, the greater

• High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is significant

Required characteristics of a UE transmitter

•Limited transmit Power

These characteristics can be achieved by using Single

•SC-FDMA uses DFT precoding of user data

•DFT size (M) defines number of subcarriers allocated to user data

•Time domain signal more resembles a single carrier

• OFDMA transmits independent data in deferent multiple subcarriers

• SC-FDMA spread data over a set of subcarriers

• OFDMA Downlink / SC-FDMA Uplink

• The practical implementation of an OFDM system is based on the use of the

FFT = Fast Fourier Transform

• FFT & IFFT are blocks included in an OFDMA system:

Time Domain s’0 s0 B10 ,B11,…

s’1 s1 B20 ,B21,…

Gain Control reference

FDD Mode TDD Mode

•The DwPTS/GP/UpPTS are in special “S » subframe

•LTE-TD can coexist with TD-SCDMA

• EUTRAN combines OFDM symbols in so called Subcarriers

Each tone can be modulated with:

• It is a key technology to increase a channel’s capacity by using

• Transmission of several independent data streams in parallel over

MIMO gains depends on how the data pipes are used.

•Different data streams on different pipes – Spatial Multiplexing

•Same data on all the pipes - Diversity Gain

•Different data on different pipes for different users- SDMA

MISO (Multiple In Single Out)

SIMO (Single In Multiple Out)

MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out)

2x2 MIMO (2 antennas for TX, 2 Antennas for RX)

Single stream transmission with 16QAM assumed