LAND, AIR AND

WATER USE
Melvie E. Caballes
LAND USES
•Land cover – the physical and biological
material found on the surface of the
land, existing as vegetation or the built
environment
•Land use- the various ways in which
human being make use of and manage
the land and its resources
Residential

• land used in which housing predominates

Institutional
• occupied by public buildings such as schools,
universities, government office buildings, art galleries,
and museums.
• located in urban or suburban areas.
• developed for social, educational, health, cultural and
recreational needs
• government owned and operated facilities or be
privately owned and operated.
Industrial
•uses are extremely varied, depending on
the nature of the industry being
considered
•for agriculture and forestry
Others

•Known as nonuse land

•an ecological or wilderness
reserve
WATER USE
Household Water Uses
Communities
• for firefighting, street cleaning, and watering public
areas such as parks, grass, trees, shrubs, and flowers.
• to fill public drinking fountains, schools and libraries
• other different businesses such as restaurants, hospitals,
laundries, golf courses, hotels, car washes, beauty
shops, barbershops, gas stations, and health club
Farming
• for irrigation (watering crops)
• drinking water for chickens, pigs, sheep, and all the other
animals in a farmyard
• food must be grown for them to eat, and water is also required
in the cooling systems used to keep the production of meat
fresh.
• Used in spreading fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticide
Generating Electricity
•Hydroelectric plants capture the kinetic
energy of falling water to make
electricity and are the largest users of
water.
•Of all the electricity in the world, about
20% is generated by hydropower.
Industry
• Water is also essential in industry, as it is heated
and the steam is used to run machinery.
• used to cool hot metal such as in the production
of steel.
• an important element in many products like
chemicals, drugs, lotions, shampoos, cosmetics,
cleaners, and also beverages.
Recreation and Transportation
• Many people enjoy fishing, boating, sailing,
canoeing, rafting, and swimming, as well as
many other recreational activities that depend
on water.
• Many people also use boats and ferries to
commute to and from work every day while
others enjoy going on cruise ships or just going
sailing.
AIR USE
•Air is an invisible form of matter that flows
freely and is in the gaseous state.
•Many gases such as nitrogen, oxygen are
present in the air in different proportions.
•In addition, it also contains gases such as
hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide.
A significant supplier of energy
• Body cells take oxygen from the blood and
produce energy after consuming food in the form
of ATP.
• This biochemical generation of ATP is essential to
maintain life on the Earth.
A conducting medium for sound
•We can hear the sound of speech or noise,
etc. only when there is air around us.
•It happens because that air is a good sound
conductor.
The water cycle occurs with the help of
the air
•the oceans and seas evaporate due to the
heat of the sun and forming clouds.
•These clouds move towards the land surface,
and they are cooled by air and rain. This
rainwater once again reaches the sea and
ocean.
The pollination of crops also happens
due to the air
•These pollen grains move from the male
flower to the female flower and combine
with female gametes - pollination.
•This may occur in flowers growing on the
same plant or between remote plants with
the help of wind power.
The air keeps the balance of the
temperature on the Earth's surface when it's
summer
• When the sun strongly heats the Earth's surface, the
surface temperature of the ground is growing rapidly,
but it grows slowly on the surface of the ocean or sea
(this is because a solid substance is heated faster than
liquid water).
• Thus, the air that is warmed at the Earth's surface rises
up, and cold air from the sea surface transfers to the
surface of the ground which minimizes the
temperature rise.
Wind energy (electricity)
• The wind can be used to generate electricity
with the help of wind turbines installation.
•Such turbines rotate under the influence of
the wind and generate electrical energy. This
electrical energy is not polluting and can be
generated anywhere on the Earth for
domestic use.
 TYPES OF POLLUTION
AND HOW THEY AFFECT
THE ENVIRONMENT
•Pollution is the process of making land,
water, air or other parts of the
environment dirty and not safe or
suitable to use.
•This can be done through the
introduction of a contaminant into a
natural environment
Land pollution
• occurs when humans apply chemicals such as pesticides
and herbicides to the soil, dispose of waste improperly,
and irresponsibly exploit minerals through mining.
• through leaking underground septic tanks, sewage
systems, the leaching of harmful substances from
landfill
• Over-farming and over-grazing by agricultural activities
causes the soil to lose its nutrient value and structure
causing soil degradation.
Effects
• Contaminated land and soil can cause various
problems on the skin, respiratory problems, and
even different kinds of cancers.
• These toxic substances come into contact with
the human body directly through eating fruits and
vegetables that have been grown in polluted soils.
•Deforestation is the biggest concern when it
comes to land degradation and soil erosion.
•It creates an imbalance in atmospheric
conditions, reducing the amount of carbon
that is naturally taken out of the atmosphere.
Water pollution
• Industrial waste is one of the main causes of water pollution,
by creating primary and secondary pollutants including
sulfur, lead and mercury, nitrates and phosphates, and oil
spills.
• Pesticides and herbicides applied to crops and residential
areas concentrate in the soil and are carried to the
groundwater by rainwater and runoff.
• In developing countries around 70% of their solid waste is
dumped directly into the ocean or sea. This causes serious
problems including the harming and killing of sea creatures,
which ultimately affects humans.
Effects
• By far the biggest consequence of water pollution is the
death of aquatic creatures, which can disrupt the entire food
chain.
• Pollutants such as cadmium, mercury, and lead are eaten by
tiny aquatic organisms that are then eaten by fish and shell
fish, becoming more concentrated with each step up the
food chain and causing serious problems in humans and
wildlife.
• causes toxic algal blooms in drinking water sources that
create toxins that kill fish and other aquatic animals
Air pollution
• There are two types of air pollutants, primary and
secondary. Primary pollutants are emitted directly
from their source, while secondary pollutants are
formed when primary pollutants react in the
atmosphere.
• The fumes from car exhausts contain dangerous gases and particulates
including hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide.
• Ammonia is the primary air pollutant that comes from agricultural
activities.
• This gaseous ammonia then combines with other pollutants such as
nitrogen oxides and sulfates created by vehicles and industrial processes, to
create aerosols.
• Aerosols are tiny particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause
heart and pulmonary disease.
• Other agricultural air pollutants include pesticides, herbicides, and
fungicides.
Effects
•causes an many health problems such as
increased risk of heart attack, asthma, and
other lung complications.
•causes acid rain
•Depletion of ozone layer
Noise pollution

•Noise is considered an environmental

pollutant caused by household
sources, social events, commercial
and industrial activities, and
transportation.
Effects
•causes stress, anxiety, headaches, irritability,
hearing loss, and sleep loss resulting in
decreased productivity.
•Oil drills, submarines, and other vessels on
and in the ocean can cause excessive noise
that has resulted in the injury or death of
marine animals, especially whales.
Light pollution
• Itis caused by the prolonged and excessive use of
artificial lights at night that can cause health problems in
humans and disrupt natural cycles, including wildlife
activities.
• Sources of light pollution include electronic billboards,
night sports grounds, street and car lights, city parks,
public places, airports, and residential areas.
Effects
• causes eye strain and stress and decreasing our quality
of life
• causes a decrease in the hormone melatonin that helps
us to fall asleep, resulting in restlessness and fatigue
• Many mammals, insects, birds, and reptiles are
photoperiodic Light pollution can interfere with these
natural behaviors and cycles, causing a decrease in
wildlife populations.