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FLUID

HORMONES EXCHANGE
ENZYMES BINDING &
TRANSPORT

DEFENCE NUTRITIVE
FUNCTIONS
OF BODY

BUFFER BLOOD
COAGULATION
VISCOSITY RESERVE
OF BLOOD PROTEINS
1. NUTRITIVE FUNCTION OF PLASMA PROTEINS

Simple proteins and a good source of proteins

 Macrophages split plasma proteins into amino acids for


tissue protein synthesis
2. PLASMA PROTEINS AS RESERVE PROTEINS

Occurs in following conditions


- malnutrition
- starvation
- fasting
- hypoproteinaemia

 Amino acids released from broken plasma proteins


distributed throughout body to form cellular protein molecules

 Used as a last source of energy


3. PLASMA PROTEINS FOR FLUID EXCHANGE

Exert colloid osmotic pressure

Play an important role in distribution of water between


blood and tissues
AT ARTERIAL END OF CAPILLARIES: Hydrostatic pressure > osmotic
pressure. Hence, fluid driven out of vessels into tissue spaces. Plasma
proteins, however, do not leave capillaries because of their large size.
AT VENOUS END OF CAPILLARIES: Osmotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure
because of presence of plasma proteins in capillaries. Hence, fluid is
drawn from tissue spaces into vessels.

This allows exchange of fluids and dissolved materials


between blood and tissue spaces (STARLING HYPOTHESIS)
4. PLASMA PROTEINS AS BUFFERS

Amphoteric molecules

In acidic pH. Amino group of plasma proteins


combine with a proton and becomes positively charged

In alkaline medium, carboxyl group of plasma


proteins donate a proton and becomes negatively
charged

In this way, plasma proteins maintain a constant


pH of the medium.
5. TRANSPORT FUNCTION OF PLASMA PROTEINS

Binds to and transport various substances throughout body

Eg. 1) Albumin transport ions, drugs, penicillin, gases,


pigments, ect

2) lipoproteins transport lipid fractions and fat-soluble


vitamins

3) haptoglobin transport free haemoglobin

4) transferrin transport iron


7. ROLE OF PLASMA PROTEINS IN VISCOSITY OF BLOOD

Makes blood viscous

Albumin, globulins and fibrinogen mainly responsible

Due to the large size and asymmetrical structure of


plasma proteins

Viscosity provides resistance to blood flow in vessels

This maintains blood pressure in normal range


8. PLASMA PROTEINS FOR BODY DEFENCE

Gamma-globulins also known as immunoglobulin

Act as antibodies against antigens to protect body


against infections like diphtheria, thyroid,
streptococcal infections, mumps, influenza,
measles, hepatitis, rubella, poliomyelitis, ect.
9. PLASMA PROTEINS AS ENZYMES

Enzymes are proteins (except ribozymes)

Eg. 1) Amylase
2) transaminase
3) dehydrogenase
4) lipase
5) phosphatase
10. PLASMA PROTEINS AS HORMONES

Certain hormones are proteins

Eg. 1) Oxytocin
2) Vasopressin
3) insulin
4) Parathormone
5) TSH
6) ACTH
11. ROLE OF PLASMA PROTEINS
IN BLOOD COAGULATION

Plasma contains fibrinogen, enzymes and clotting factors

These participate in coagulation of blood

Prevent excessive loss of blood during injury


CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
PLASMA PROTEINS
HYPERPROTEINAEMIA

Increase in
plasma protein levels

Normal plasma protein level = 6-8 g%


Decrease in
Plasma protein levels

HYPOPROTEINAEMIA
HYPERPROTEINAEMIA
Increase in total amount of plasma proteins in the body

Occurs in following 2 situations:


1) Haemoconcentration
- due to dehydration
- both albumin and globulin are increased
- A:G ratio remains unchanged

2) Diseases such as hypergammaglobulinaemia


- high levels of plasma globulins
- albumin level normal or reduced
- A:G ratio reversed if albumin reduced
HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINAEMIA

POLYCLONAL MONOCLONAL
GAMMOPATHIES GAMMOPATHIES
POLYCLONAL GAMOPATHIES

Chronic infections like TB, leprosy, kalaazar, etc

Chronic liver disease like cirrhosis or chronic active


hepatitis

Sarcoidosis

Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis


MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHIES

MALIGNANT BENIGN
Secondary to diabetes
 Multiple myeloma mellitus, Chronic
infections, etc
Macroglobulinaemia
Idiopathic
Lymphoreticular malignancies
like lymphosarcoma, leukemia,
hodgkin’s disease
HYPOPROTEINAEMIA

Hypogammaglobulinaemia
Haemodilution

Hypoalbuminaemia
HAEMODILUTION

Cause may be Water intoxication

Both albumin and globulin are decreased

A:G ratio remains unaltered

Results in edema because of low plasma proteins in


capillaries to exert colloid osmotic pressure
HYPOALBUMINAEMIA
1) LOSS OF ALBUMIN FROM THE BODY
- RENAL: Nephrotic syndrome
- GIT: Protein losing enteropathy
- SKIN: Burns and other skin lesions

2) DECREASED SYNTHESIS OF ALBUMIN


- SEVERE LIVER DISEASES: cirrhosis of liver , chronic hepatitis
- NON-AVAILABILITY OF PRECURSORS: Malabsorption syndrome,
protein calorie malnutrition
- GENETIC DEFICIENCIES: Analbuminaemia

3) MISCELLANEOUS
- Acute or chronic illnesses
- infections
- malignancy
- pregnancy
HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINAEMIA

1) LOSS OF GAMMA-GLOBULINS FROM BODY


- RENAL: Nephrotic syndrome
- GIT: Protein losing enteropathy
- SKIN: Burns and other skin lesions

2) DECREASED SYNTHESIS OF GAMMA-GLOBULINS


- TRANSIENT: Neonates/infants
- PRIMARY: Genetic deficiency
- SECONDARY: AIDS, LEUKEMIA

3) MISCELLANEOUS
- Pregnancies
Most abundant and fairly homogeneous protein of plasma.

Half of the total plasma protein is made up of albumin.


Single polypeptide chain.
Contain 585 amino acids.
Have 17 interchain disulfide (s-s) bonds.
Molecular weight : 69 000
Low isoelectric pH (pI = 4.7)
Precipitates last in salting out or alcohol precipitation method.
Normal value: 3.5 – 5.5 mg/dL
Normal values % of total proteins
•Albumin 50 - 70
•α globulin 7 - 17
•β gobulin 7 - 16
•γ globulin 11 - 22
Exclusively synthesised by the liver.

Liver produces approximately 12g


albumin per day which represents 25% of
the total hepatic protein synthesis.

Albumin has a half life of 20 days.


67 % α helix 10 % β turn
Amino Acid Composition

Aspartic Acid 36

Asparagine 17

Threonine 28

Serine 24

Glutamic Acid 62

Glutamine 20

Proline 24

Glysine 12

Alanine 62
Valine 41

Cystine 35

Methionine 6

Isoleucine 8

Leucine 61

Tyrosine 18

Phenyalanine 31

Lysine 59

Histidine 16

Tryptophan 1

Arginine 24

TOTAL 585
Osmotic Function
Due to its high concentration and low molecular weight, albumin
contributes to 75 – 80% of the total plasma osmotic pressure.
Thus, albumin plays a predominant role in maintaining blood volume and
body fluid distribution.
Transport Function
Plasma albumin binds to several
biochemically important compounds and
transports them in the circulation. These
include free fatty acids which is
transported to the liver, bilirubin, steroid
hormones, calcium and copper.
Nutritive Function
Albumin serves as a source of amino
acids for tissue protein synthesis to a
limited extent, particularly in nutritional
deprivation of amino acids.
Buffering Function
Among the plasma proteins, albumin has the maximum buffering
capacity.

Exerts low viscocity

Plays an important role in exchange of water between tissue fluid and


blood.
Certain drugs also bind to
albumin.
e.g sulphonamides, aspirin,
penicillin.
These drugs are directly
transported to the target organ.
Hypoalbuminemia

Hyperalbuminemia
•Occurs due to a decrease in concentration of albumin, i.e
when it is less than 2.5 gm%
(2) Decreased synthesis of albumin
(3) Others

• Severe liver diseases: chronic hepatitis,


•Chronic illness
cirrhosis liver.
•Infections
• Non-availability of the precursor:
•Malignancy syndrome, protein calorie
malabsorption
•pregnancy
(1) Loss from the body
malnutrition
• Loss of albumin in urine in nephrotic syndrome

• Genetic deficiency:
In burns, albumin Analbuminaemia
is loss through the unprotected skin surface.
Decrease in albumin concentration leads to oedema formation.

Oedema is a situation where tissue swelling takes place.


increasing blood protein level in patient with a nutritional deficiency.

Diuretic treatment – kidney is made to excrete excess fluid from the


body.
•Occur when albumin level is high, i.e greater than 5.5 gm%

• Seen in the absence of dehydration.

•Frequent in obese men.


• Classification of plasma protein.

•Functions of plama protein.

• Albumin.

•Clinical significance.
• Wikipedia

• Textbook of medical physiology – MN Chatterjea, Rana Shinde

• google images

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