Electrical

safety
Grounding System

Calzita, Alissa Jyn A.

Go, Queenie Ann P.
Reas, Rica D,
 What is Electrity?
Electricity is a set of phenomenon associated with the
presence and motion of matter that has property of
electric charge.
This is the energy created by the free or controlled
movement of charged particles such as electrons,
protons, and ions.
What is Electrical Safety?
Electrical safety is a system of organizational
measures and technical means to prevent harmful
or dangerous effects on
workers from electric
current, electric arc,
electromagnetic field
and static electricity.
 Why it so
important to
work safely
with or near
The voltage of the electricity and the available
electrical current in regular businesses and
homes has enough power to cause death by
electrocution. Even changing a light bulb
without unplugging the lamp can be
hazardous because coming in
contact with the "hot", "energized" or "live"
part of the socket,
COULD KILL A PERSON
.
What is ground?
A ground is a conductive connection between electrical
circuit or equipment and earth or ground plane.

What is
grounding?
A safety measure devised to prevent people from
getting shocked if the insulation inside electrical
devices fails.
What Is Grounding
System?
In an electrical installation, an earthing
system or grounding system connects specific parts of
that installation with the Earth's conductive surface for
safety and functional purposes. The point of reference is
the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing
system can affect the safety and electromagnetic
compatibility of the installation.
How Earthing came
into
Humansexistence?
first began using electricity
in their homes in the 19th century.
Initially, we weren’t aware of the
potential dangers of current when it
comes in contact with the human
body.
Between 1880 and 1920, the transmission and
distribution of electrical power were carried out via
unearthed neutral connections. The supply lines were
uninsulated and placed out of reach so that humans
wouldn’t come in contact with them. Homes were
supplied with 110 V AC. It was a massive recipe for
disaster. During this period, many people had to
endure electric shocks and rampant blown fuses.
In 1923, France made it mandatory for motors with
ratings of higher than 150 V to have insulated chassis
and a proper earthing system in place.
Thus, for a generation of “shocked”
people who had endured atrocities from
their electrical appliances, a new era
had dawned. With earthing norms in
place, better days were ahead.
3 main reasons
Why is
Earthing/
Grounding
necessary?
 Human
safety
A properly earthed
device doesn’t leak out
any current. This
prevents humans from
getting shocked if any
internal faults in the
device occur.
Safety of Electrical
Equipment
Earthing provides stability to electronic
equipment. It prevents over-current or excessive
voltage in appliances. Over-voltage can cause the
device to spontaneously combust due to
overheating, so technically, earthing is also a fire
prevention measure
Protection of Buildings
from Lightning
The earthing device is in the form of
lightning arrestors, which are placed at the
highest point of the building and connected
to the ground via a conducting wire or
plate.
 Types of Grounding
systems
Different methods are available but the choice
depends on local conditions and required function.
 Rod Earthing
This is simplest form of grounding system, it can take
many forms with a variety of lengths from a few feet to
many feet. It is made up of materials such as brass,
galvanized or stainless steel.
It is used for lightning protection on stand-alone
structures such as pole mounted transformers or radio
towers, it can also be used as a back up to a utility
ground.
It is buried upright in the
earth manually or with
the help of a pneumatic
hammer.
Ground rod group
A slightly more complicated version of the rod
system. This is typically for lightning protection
on larger structures or protection around
potential hotspots such as substations.
Pipe earthing
A galvanized steel pipe is placed in the soil. It is
placed vertically. The length and diameter of the
pipe depends on the type of soil and magnitude of
current. The dimension of the pipe is usually
40mm in diameter and 2.75 m on length for
ordinary soil or greater for dry and rocky soil.
The moisture of the soil
will determine how deep
the pipe will be buried
but usually it should be
4.75m.
 Ground plate:
Ground plates are used widely in telecoms
applications. This is usually used in areas where
there is rock (or other poor conducting material)
fairly close to the surface ground plates are
preferred as they are more effective. It is made up
of cooper or galvanized iron.
It is buried vertically or
horizontally in the earth
pit which should not be
less than 3m from the
ground level.
 Ground mesh:
It is consists of network of bars connected
together, this system is often used at larger sites such
as electrical substations. If the site decided to add
more equipments, it can easily be installed and
grounded by the mesh.
What factors affect
The type of soil is crucial for calculating the effectiveness
earthing
of the earthing. installations?
Soil Resistivity
Soil Condition
Moisture level in the soil
Salts in the soil
Composition of the soil
Location of the earth pit
 Soil Resistivity
It is the resistance of soil to the passage of electric
current. It varies from soil to soil. It depends on the
physical composition of the soil, moisture, dissolved
salts, grain size and distribution, seasonal variation,
current magnitude etc.
 Soil Condition
Different soil conditions give different soil resistivity.
Most of the soils are very poor conductors of electricity
when they are completely dry. Soil plays a significant
role in determining the performance of electrode. Soil
with low resistivity is highly corrosive. If soil is dry then
soil resistivity value will be very high. If soil resistivity is
high, earth resistance of electrode will also be high.
 Moisture level in the soil
Moisture has a great influence on resistivity value
of soil. The resistivity of a soil can be determined
by the quantity of water held by the soil and
resistivity of the water itself. Conduction of
electricity in soil is through water.
 Salts in the soil
Pure water is poor conductor of electricity. Resistivity
of soil depends on resistivity of water which in turn
depends on the amount and nature of salts dissolved
in it. Small quantity of salts in water reduces soil
resistivity by 80%. Common salt is most effective in
improving conductivity of soil. But it corrodes metal
and hence discouraged.
 Composition of the soil
Different soil composition gives different average
resistivity. Based on the type of soil, the resistivity
of clay soil may be in the range of 4 – 150 ohm-
meter, whereas for rocky or gravel soils, the same
may be well above 1000 ohm-meter.
 Location of the earth pit
The earth pits located in such areas must be watered at
frequent intervals, particularly during dry weather
conditions. In a sloping landscape, or in a land with made up
of soil, or areas which are hilly, rocky or sandy, water runs off
and in dry weather conditions water table goes down very
fast. In such situation back fill compound will not be able to
attract moisture, as the soil around the pit would be dry.
Conclusion:
Grounding and Earthing systems form the first line
of defense in every type of electrical systems. The
system may be a generator/transformer/housing
installation/generating station/etc. So it is strictly
advised to know the basic concepts of grounding as
far as safety engineering is concerned.
THANKS!
Any questions?

JUUUKE ONLEEE 😂