Dr.

Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of

Technology and Management
Shastri Park, Delhi 110053

Presented by :
Rishabh Raj
Md. Saif Akhtar
Pranjal Abhigyan
Shivik Sharma
The Hindon River, historically known as the Harnandi River

Major source of water to west up, covering 5 cities- Saharanpur,

baghpat, meerut, muzzafanagar, Ghaziabad.

Originates in lower shivaliks at pur ka tanka village east of Saharanpur

Basin area: 7,083 km²

Length: 400 km

Mouth: Yamuna River

1. INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT DISCHARGE-
32 PAPER MILLS
15 SUGAR MILLS
ALCOHOL DISTILLATION BREWERY
DAIRY UNITS
TEXTILE INDUSTRIES
SLAUGHTER HOUSES
*(ALL THESE UNITS DIRECTLY DISPOSE THEIR WASTE IN TO HINDON RIVER)

2. Animals washing and wallowing in the river

3. HOUSE-HOLD WASTE AND SEWAGE MAJORLY CONTAINS PHOSPHOROUS WHICH DON’T EASILY DEGRADE AND
REMAINS FOR LONG TIME IN RIVER WATER CONSUMING DISSOLVED OXYGEN.

4. As per uppcb, city generates 399.693 mld of waste whereas present installed treatment capacity is 186 mld
 METHODOLOGY

We have selected a Hindon river stretch from Ghaziabad over a length of about 23km. Four
Sampling sites have been selected to obtain the sample of water over a time period of two
months and tests such as pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Hardness, Alkalinity, BOD, COD,
Alkalinity, TDS , DO and Chloride etc. will be carried. Total 4 samples will be taken and tested in
laboratory to give the results.
SITES SELECTED
HINDON VIHAR-: Hindonvihar Drain carries domestic wastewater. Total domestic wastewater discharge into
Hindonvihar drain is 7.0 MLD. Domestic effluent is being discharged into Hindon River without any treatment.

INDIRAPURAM-: Indirapuram Drain carries domestic wastewater. Total mixed effluent discharge from Indirapuram Drain
to Hindon River is 112 MLD. Domestic effluent is being treated in 2 STPs having capacity of 56 MLD each.

DASNA DRAIN-: 45 industries (Textile-06, Slaughter House-06, Meat Processing-03,Tannery-02, Pulp & Paper-01, Metal
SurfaceTreatement-23, Others-04) discharge their effluent into the Dasna Drain. Total industrial effluent discharge from
Dasna Drain to Hindon River is 3.697 MLD. Industrial effluent is being treated before discharging into the Hindon River. 47
MLD Domestic effluent is being discharged into Hindon River without any treatment.

MOMNATHAL-: Treatement-24, Pulp & Paper-01, Others-06) discharge their effluent into the Sahibabad Drain.
Sahibabad Drain carries treated industrial effluent. Total industrial effluent discharge from Sahibabad Drain to
Yamuna River is 8.797 MLD and domestic discharge around 157.203 MLD. This drain is partially tapped, 74 MLD
mixed effluent is pumped to STP Indirapuram (capacity 74 MLD) which ultimately meets river Hindon, remaining 92
MLD mixed effluent is being discharged in to Shadara Drain which ultimately finds its way to River Yamuna.
 ANALYSING PARAMETERS-
1. PH
2. Total hardness
3. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
4. bod
5. Cod
6. Do
7. Tds
8. Co2
9. chlorides
 Ph

• The standard values of pH for drinking water by BIS is

between 6.5-8.5 while.
• WHO is between 7.0 - 8.5. pH value for drinking water is
limited from 5.5 to 8.5.
• For effluent discharge it is between 5.5 and 9 as per IS: 2490
and CPCB.
• High value of pH may results due to waste discharge,
microbial decomposition of organic matter in the water
body.
• High pH particularly in combination with high water
temperature can increase the amount of unionized ammonia
which is highly toxic to fish.
• The pH value was in the River sample range of 7-8 which is
acceptable but not fit for drinking and this shows the
alkaline nature of river making it unfit.
 Device used- PH METER

NAME OF SAMPLE PH LEVEL

1. Sample 1 6.42
2. Sample 2 6.21
3. Sample 3 6.81
4. Sample 4 6.62

7
6.8 PH LEVEL
1. The pH values vary from 7 to
6.6
7.8, which shows a slightly alkaline nature of river 6.4
water. 6.2
2. High pH values are indicative of bicarbonates 6
and carbonates of calcium and magnesium in river 5.8
Sample Sample Sample Sample
water. 1 2 3 4
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

NAME OF SAMPLE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (μs/cm)

1. Sample 1 0442
2. Sample 2 0891
3. Sample 3 1280
4. Sample 4 0680

Electrical Conductivity can be used to monitor the quality of surface

water, process water in water supply and treatment plants and waste ELECTRICAL
water. Electrical Conductivity may be used as a measure of the CONDUCTIVITY (ΜS/CM)
concentration of ionizable solutes present in the sample. It is expressed in 2000
Siemens per centimeter. 1500 1280

μs/cm
891
High electrical conductivity affected the germination of crops and it may 1000
442
680
result in much reduced yield. Higher the ionizable solids, greater will be 500
the EC. 0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
The conductivity in the study area was in the range of 442-1280 μs/cm.
TOTAL HARDNESS
Hardness is the property of water which prevents the lather formation with soap and
increases the boiling points of water.
The simple definition of water hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and NAME OF SAMPLES TH (mg/L)
magnesium in the water. In hard water soap reacts with calcium to form soap scum.
Sample 1 10.2
Hardness is caused by compound of calcium and magnesium, and by variety of other
metals. Sample 2 15.6
Sample 3 26.4
General guidelines for classification of water are 0 to 60 mg/l as CaCO3 is classified as
soft; 61 to 120 mg /l as CaCO3, moderately hard; 121 to 180 mg/l as CaCO3 is hard; Sample 4 14.8
and more than 180 mg/l as CaCO3 is very hard. The total Hardness is in the range of
100-140 mg/l as CaCO3 which shows the higher concentration of magnesium and
calcium compounds making water hard. TOTAL HARDNESS

30 26.4

TH (mg/L)
25
20 15.6 14.8
15 10.2
10
5
0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
ALKALINITY
Alkalinity value in water provides an idea of natural salts presents in water. Alkalinity is important
for fish and aquatic life because it protects or buffers against rapid changes.
Living organism’s especially aquatic life function best in pH range of 6.0 to 9.0. Higher alkalinity
levels in surface water will buffer acid rain and other acid waste and prevent pH changes that are
harmful for aquatic life.
Alkalinity values are in the range from 125-237 mg/l, mixing of waste water from different sources
such as industrial wastes is the possible cause of high alkalinity values at some points. The alkalinity
values are under the reasonable limit 600 mg/l as per WHO (1993).

NAME OF SAMPLES ALKALINITY (mg/L) ALKALINITY (MG/L)

283
Sample 1 123 300 248

Sample 2 138 200 138

mg/l
123
Sample 3 283 100

Sample 4 248 0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
BOD (BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND)
Biochemical Oxygen demand is a measure of quantity of oxygen required by microorganisms in the
oxidation of organic matter.
Natural source of organic matter include plant decay and leaf fall. Oxygen consume in the
decomposition process robs other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live.
Organisms that are more tolerant of dissolved oxygen levels may replace a diversity of natural
water system contain bacteria.
The test of BOD Conduct by Winkler’s method in the laboratory. BOD values are in the range from
250-610 mg/l, mixing of waste water from different sources such as industrial wastes is the possible
cause of high BOD values at some points, which is higher than the permissible limit 30 mg/l
according to Environment (protection) rules 1986.
NAME OF SAMPLES BOD (mg/L) BOD (MG/L)
800 668
Sample 1 252 582
600

mg/L
Sample 2 269 400 252 269
200
Sample 3 668 0
Sample Sample Sample Sample
Sample 4 582 1 2 3 4
COD (CHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND)
Chemical Oxygen Demand is a measure of capacity of water to consume oxygen during the
decomposition of organic matter and oxidation of inorganic chemicals such as ammonia and nitrite.
COD measurement are commonly made on samples of waste water are of natural water
contaminated by domestic or industrial wastes.
High COD may cause oxygen depletion on account of decomposition by microbes (Siva Kumar et al.,
1989) to a level detrimental to aquatic life.
COD values are in the range from 610-2135 mg/l, mixing of waste water from different sources such
as industrial wastes is the possible cause of high COD values at some points, which is higher than
the permissible limit 250mg/l (Environment Protection Rules, 1986)
NAME OF SAMPLES COD (mg/L)
COD (MG/L)
Sample 1 623 3000
1983
Sample 2 680 2000 1460

mg/L
623 680
1000
Sample 3 1983
0
Sample 4 1460 Sample Sample Sample Sample
1 2 3 4
Do (dissolved oxygen)
Dissolved oxygen is the amount of oxygen that is present in water.
It is measured in mg/l. In limnology dissolve oxygen is an essential factor second only to water
itself.
A dissolved oxygen level that is too high or too low can harm aquatic life and affect water quality.
Bottom feeders, crabs, oysters and worms need minimal amount of oxygen (1-6 mg/l), while
shallow water fish need higher levels (4-15 mg/l).
Test of DO can be done in the laboratory by Wrinkler’s method. The dissolved oxygen in the river is
within the range of 0.2-1.2 mg/l which is much below the standard values and will result in the
death of aquatic life due to deficiency of oxygen.
NAME OF SAMPLES DO (mg/L) DO (MG/L)
2 1.68 1.6
Sample 1 1.28 1.28 1.44
1.5

mg/L
1
Sample 2 1.68 0.5
Sample 3 1.6 0
Sample Sample Sample Sample
Sample 4 1.44 1 2 3 4
Tds (total dissolved solids)
Total Dissolved Solids refer to any materials, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolve in water.
TDS varied in present study range from minimum of 230-350 mg/l as CaCO3.
Higher values of TDS indicate the mixing of sewerage, cloth washing and garbage dumping.

NAME OF SAMPLES TDS (mg/L) TDS (MG/L)

1000 880
Sample 1 253
800 606
Sample 2 606 600

mg/L
413
400 253
Sample 3 880 200
0
Sample 4 413 Sample Sample Sample Sample
1 2 3 4
Chloride occurs naturally in all types of water. Chloride in natural water results from agricultural
activities, industries and chloride rich rocks.
In the study areas chloride level is within the permissible limit of WHO (250 ppm), which indicates
less contamination of chloride.
The chloride contents in surface water sample were tested by silver nitrate methods. The chlorides
are in the range of 130-245 mg/l which is higher than the normal values and is mainly due to
domestic and industrial wastes.
People accustomed to higher chloride in water are subjected to laxative effects (Fried and
Combarnous, 1971).
The high chloride content may be affected the aquatic life and also the human who consume its
water
The chloride content was not found in any of the samples taken.
Clogging of intakes of irrigation, hydropower and water supply systems
Micro-habitat for a variety of disease vectors. The diseases associated with IT that cause the major
public health prolems.
Reduction of biodiversity. Where water hyacinth is prolific, other aquatic plants have difficulty in
surviving. This causes an imbalance in the aquatic micro-ecosystem and often means that a range
of fauna that relies on a diversity of plant life for its existence, will become extinct.
On the basis of above parameters we can easily say that the river is highly polluted, due to the industrial effluents released into it.
The limit of above parameters in the river is so high than the permissible limit.
This water is neither able to use in washing, nor be in irrigation. The levels of different parameters which are so common
parameters to represent the characteristics of water and waste water like pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Hardness, Alkalinity,
BOD, COD, TDS, DO, Chloride, etc we can see the results of these parameters in the given table-1.Out of the four sites (From
where the sample is collected), on the site, where the high amount of industrial effluent released into the river, the level of
parameter has high than the other site.
So, on the basis of above data we can easily say that the Hindon River is most polluted river of Uttar Pradesh (India), which also
degrade the ground water. The ground water of most of the villages, towns and cities, which locate on the bank of this river,
become highly polluted with yellow colour appearance.
Many of the persons in those villages suffered from cancer after the use of this polluted water from the long time, through the
hand pump.
So, there are so drastic conditions for the villagers and those who used to live near its bank. It is also harmful for aquatic life. In
Hindon River, aquatic life mostly extinct due to the less DO or high BOD conditions
• BIS-Indian standards specification for drinking water IS:10500.Bureau of Indian Standards
New Delhi-2003.
• WHO (World Health Organization), International standards of drinking water Geneva 2004,
55-79.
• STUD ON WATER QUALITY ON HINDON RIVER. (DEEPAK KUMAR, VINAY KUMAR)
• PHYSIO CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HINDON. (BHANU PRATAP AND YOGESH KUMAR)
• IS-Indian standards specification for Waste water IS:3025.
• WATER QUALITY AND METAL ENRICHMENT IN BED SEDIMENTS OF HINDON RIVER. (AASHISH
KUMAR AND INDERJEET KUMAR).