CHAPTER FOUR:

CHEMICAL
BONDING
MEMBERS: Manzanes, Christine Jane
Laguna, kayla Jane P
Camorista, Clarice
Ma. Carmela Rebuyas
Merequillo,Gina
 MOLECULE
S
– a molecule is a neutral group of two or more atoms held
together by chemical bonds.
 MOLECULE
S
Diatomic Molecules – are made up two atoms
Example: N2, F2 Triatomic ( H2O )
Monatomic – are made up of one atom
Polyatomic - are contain several atoms in their
molecules.
Atoms are classified into two main types

ionic bond Covalent

- is the transfer of valence Bond
electron(s) between atoms.
– is a link between two
atoms in which the electron
pairs are shared between
them.
Stable (nonreactive) atoms
When their highest (outer)
energy level has eight electron (
octet rule ) in it.
 OOctet
c t e t rrule
ule
 This model of chemical stability is called the octet rule.
 The octet rule says that atoms can become stable by having eight electrons in
their outer energy level, as shown in the noble gas, Neon, (or two electrons in
the case of some of the smallest atoms).
 Elements become stable by achieving the same configuration of valence
electrons as one of the noble gases, a noble gas configuration.

Helium, neon, a
radon, krypton,
xenon, radon
 Octet
n o t erule
 Symbols – not only identifies an elements but also represent one atom
of the element.
Example:

 Formula – consist of a group of symbols that represent the elements

present in the substance.
Example:( Sodium Chloride )
( Nitric Acid )
 ELEC TR ON DOT
STRU CTUR E
 “Lewis Structure” is a representation of the structure of an
atom.
 It is used to show how the electrons are arranged around
individual atoms in a molecule.
 Electrons are shown as "dots" or for bonding electrons as a
line between the two atoms.
 Octet rule
Periods
• Each row is called a “period”
• The elements in each period
have the same number of shells.

Groups
• Each column is called a
“group”
• Each element in a group has
the same number of electrons
in their outer orbital, also
known as “shells”.
 FORM ATION OF
IONS
 Ion Is an atom that has
either lost or gained
electrons in its highest
energy level

 Ions formed a metal ill have

positive charge equal to the
number of elections lost.

 Ions formed from nonmetals

will have a negative charge
 Equal to the number of
electrons
 I o n srule
Octet

Cations Anions Non-Metals

- Also known as – or "anode" are – Elements that have
"cathode" are negatively ions six or seven (most of
positive ions attracted towards a four and five
attracted toward a positively charge elements) electrons in
negatively charged electrode their highest energy
electrode level then gain
Example:
electrons to reach a
Example:
Chloride (Cl-) stable configuration
NA (Sodium Ion) of eight.
K+ (Potassium)
 SIZE OF IONS
 When a metal loses an electron, the positive charge on the nucleus is
greater than the negative charge in the electron energy levels, so the
nucleus pull in the electrons and thus decreases the size of the ion.
That is, for metals, the ionic radius is less than the atomic result.

 When the nonmetal gains an electron, the positive charge on the

nucleus is less that negative charge in the electron energy levels; thus
the nucleus cannot hold the electrons as tightly as before. Therefore,
for nonmetal, the ionic radius is greater than atomic radius
 e Octet
X A M Prule
LE

1. Sodium atom with the electron structure. If the

sodium atom loses its outer electron, it will reach
noble gas structure of eight electrons in its Outer
energy level. When a sodium atom loses an electron,
it becomes a positively charges particle called a
sodium ion.
Na • -- -> Na+ Or Na -> Na+e-
 IONIC BONDS
ION - is a chemical species that has a greater or lesser
number of electrons compared to the number of protons.
- it has a electrical charge imbalance.
CATION -positive charge
ANION - negative charge
-It is the result from the transfer of an electron/s from one atom
to another with the formation of Ions that attract one another.
 Ionic bond
 The element which losses the electron becomes positively charged and the
one which gains the electrons becomes negatively charged.
 POLYATOMIC
IONS
 group of atoms that stay together and act as a unit in a chemical
reaction.
 acts as if it were a single ion held together with covalent bonds and all
have charges.
 WHY DO POLYATOMIC IONS
HAVE CHARGED?
-in order to make the covalent bonds work between this atom they
either have to gain electrons (-) or lose electrons (+).

Example:
- Ammonium NH4+
- Sulfate Ion SO42-
 NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
 compounds that contain ions are called ionic compounds or electrolytes.
 Ionic compounds fall into three categories (acids, bases, and salts)
 Ionic compounds that contain only two types of elements are called Binary
compounds.
To name binary compounds:
Name of Cation followed by stem of negative Ion + ide
Example:
• KCL
• NaBr
• K2O
To name ionic compounds containing ions, the following
system is used:

Name of Cation followed by name of Polyatomic Ion.

Example:
- Al2 (SO4)3 - Fe (PO4)

Self-Test Name the following:

a.MgSO4 b.Al(OH)3
c.Na2CO3 d.H4NO3
 COVALENT
 Is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between
atoms.
 These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or Bonding pairs, and the
stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they
share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.
 A form of covalent bonding between two
non metallic atoms.
 Single covalent
Octetcovalent
Double rule Triple Covalent Bond
bond - is when two - Is a chemical bond
bond
pairs of electrons between two atoms
- is when only one are shared between involving six bonding
pair of electrons is the atoms rather electrons instead of
shared between than just one pair. the usual two in a
atoms.
covalent single bond.
 Non polar & Polar Covalent Bond

Non polar covalent bond Polar Covalent bond

- Are a type of chemical - is a type of chemical bond
bond where two atoms where a pair of electrons in
share a pair of electrons with unequally shared between
each other. two atoms.
 Electronegativity Octet rule Resonances
- Is the attraction of an atom - occurs when more than one electron-
for elements. "The greater dot structure can be drawn for a given
the Electronegativity, the Molecule or ion. - The resulting
greater the attraction of structures are called resonance
atom for electrons; the lower structure. - occurs because electrons
the activity the less the are not fixed objects near a given atom,
attraction for electrons.“. instead they make around the entire
Molecule.
Octet rule
 NAMING COVALENT
COMPOUNDS"
Covalent binary compounds have names ending in -
ide, as do ionic binary compounds.
To name the covalent compounds, the following
system is used: _ prefix+name of the first element
followed by prefix+stem of the second element+ide.
 Octet rule

The prefixes in common use are:

Mono-1 di- 2 Tri- 3 etra- 4 Penta-5
Hexa-6 Hepta-7 Octa- 8 Nona-9 Deca-10
However, the prefix mono is usually understood and not
written. Example: CCl4- Carbon tetrachloride
 OctetInrule
"Strength Bonds"
 In general, compounds containing ionic bonds have higher melting
points than compound containing covalent bonds.
 Covalent substances is such as diamond that contain a network of
covalent bonds also have extremely high melting points.
 Water solution of ionic compounds conduct electricity
 Most of ionic compounds is soluble in polar solvents such as water.
Most covalent compounds are insoluble in polar solvents.
 Molten ionic compounds conduct electricity because they contain
ions. Molten covalent compound contains no ions and don't
conduct electricity.
 SHAPES OF MOLECULES
THE VSEPR THEORY
The valence shell electron-pair repulsion(VSEPR) theory
is based on the idea that electron pairs in the valence
shell of an atom repel one another.
The VSEPR theory is useful in predicting the approximate
shape of molecules (or ions)form from nonmetals.
 SHAPES OF MOLECULES
 When using the VSEPR theory, the following rules apply:
1. Draw the electron dot structure of the compound
2. Count the number of atoms bonded to the central atom.
3. Count the number of nonbonded electron pairs on the central
atom.
4. Add the number of atoms bonded to the central atom to the
number of non- bonded electron pairs. This total will indicate
the shape.
Octet rule
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