Nergy and Chemical Reaction 7

Chapter 7:
Energy and
Chemical Change
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature

of Matter, 6E
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Thermochemistry
 Study of energies given off by or absorbed by
reactions.
Thermodynamics
 Study of energy transfer (flow)
Energy (E)
 Ability to do work or to transfer heat.
Kinetic Energy (KE)
 Energy of motion
 KE = ½mv2
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 2

Factors Affecting Potential Energy
Increase Potential Energy
 Pull apart objects that attract
each other
 Book/gravity
 N and S poles of magnets
 Positive and negative charges
 Push together objects that repel
each other
 Spring compressed
 N poles on two magnets
 2 like charges
Factors Affecting Potential Energy
Decrease Potential Energy
 Objects that attract each other come together
 Book falls
 N and S poles of 2 magnets
 Positive and negative charges
 Objects that repel each
other move apart
 Spring released
 N poles on 2 magnets
 2 like charges

Law of Conservation of Energy
 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
 Can only be
converted from
one form to
another
 Total Energy
of universe
is constant
Total = Potential + Kinetic

Energy Energy Energy
Temperature vs. Heat
Temperature
 Proportional to average kinetic energy of object’s
particles
 Higher average kinetic energy means
 Higher temperature
 Faster moving molecules
Heat
 Energy transferred between objects
 Caused by temperature difference
 Always passes spontaneously from warmer objects
to colder objects
 Transfers until both are the same temperature
Heat Transfer hot cold
 Hot and cold objects placed in

contact
 Molecules in hot object moving
faster
 KE transfers from hotter to
colder object
 ↓ average KE of hotter object
 ↑ average KE of colder object
 Over time
 Average KEs of both objects becomes the same
 Temperature of both becomes the same
Units of Energy
Joule (J)
 KE possessed by 2 kg object moving at speed
of 1 m/s.
1  1m 
2
1 kg  m 2
1J  2kg   1J 
2  1s  s2
 If calculated value is greater than 1000 J, use

kJ
 1 kJ = 1000 J

Units of Energy
calorie (cal)
 Energy needed to raise T of 1 g H2O by 1 °C
 1 cal = 4.184 J (exactly)
 1 kcal = 1000 cal
 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
1 nutritional Calorie (Cal)
 (note capital C)
 1 Cal = 1000 cal = 1 kcal
 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ

Heat
 Pour hot coffee into cold cup
 Heat flows from hot coffee to cold cup
 Faster coffee molecules bump into wall of cup
 Transfer kinetic energy
 Eventually reach same temperature
Thermal Equilibrium
 When both cup and coffee reach same
average Kinetic Energy and same temperature
 Energy transferred through heat comes from
object’s internal energy
Internal Energy (E)
 Sum of energies of all particles in system
E = Total energy of system
E = Potential + Kinetic = PE + KE
Change in Internal Energy
E = Efinal – Einitial
  means change
 final – initial
 What we can actually measure
 Want to know change in E associated with given
process
Molecular Kinetic Energy (MKE)
 Energy associated with molecular motion
 All particles within object are in constant motion
 Molecules moving through space/solution
 Atoms jiggle and vibrate within molecules
 Electrons move around atoms
 Each particle has certain value of MKE at any given
time
 Particles continually exchanging energy during
collisions
 In isolated sample, total kinetic energy of all
molecules is constant
E, Change in Internal Energy
 For reaction: reactants  products
 E = Eproducts – Ereactants
 Can use to do something useful
 Work
 Heat
 If system absorbs energy during reaction
 Energy coming into system is positive (+)
 Final energy > initial energy
Ex. Photosynthesis or charging battery
 As system absorbs energy
 Increase potential energy
 Available for later use
Kinetic Molecular Theory
 Kinetic Molecular Theory tells us
Temperature
 Related to average kinetic energy of particles in
object
Internal energy
 Related to average total molecular kinetic
energy
 Includes molecular potential energy
Average kinetic energy
 Implies distribution of kinetic energies among
molecules in object
Temperature and Average Kinetic
Energy
Large collection of molecules (gas)
 Wide distribution of kinetic energy (KE)
 Small number with KE = 0
 Collisions momentarily stopped molecule’s
motion
 Very small number with very high KE
 Unbalanced collisions give high velocity
 Most molecules intermediate KEs
 Result = distribution of energies
Distribution of Kinetic Energy
1 = lower T
2 = higher T
At higher T, distribution shifts to higher KE
Kinetic Energy Distribution
Temperature
 Average KE of all atoms and molecules in object
 Average speed of particles
 Kelvin Temperature of sample
 T(K) Avg MKE = ½ mvavg2
 At higher temperature
 Most molecules moving at higher average speed
 Cold object = Small average MKE
 Hot object = Large average MKE
Note: At 0 K KE = 0 so v=0
Kinetic Theory: Liquids and Solids
 Atoms and molecules in liquids and solids also
constantly moving
 Particles of solids jiggle and vibrate in place
 Distributions of KEs of particles in gas, liquid
and solid same at same T.
 At same T gas, liquid, and solid have
 Same average KE
 But very different PE

Your Turn!
Which statement about kinetic energy (KE) is true?
A. Atoms and molecules in gases, liquids and solids
possess KE since they are in constant motion.
B. At the same temperature, gases, liquids and solids
all have different KE distributions.
C. Molecules in gases are in constant motion, while
molecules in liquids and solids are not.
D. Molecules in gases and liquids are in constant
motion, while molecules in solids are not.
E. As the temperature increases, molecules move
more slowly.
E, Change in Internal Energy
 E = Eproducts – Ereactants
 Energy change can appear entirely as heat
 Can measure heat
 Can’t measure Eproduct or Ereactant
 Fortunately, we are more interested in E
 Energy of system depends only on its current
condition
 DOES NOT depend on:
 How system got it
 What E for system might be sometime in future
State of Object or System
 Complete list of properties that specify object’s
current condition
For Chemistry
 Defined by physical properties
 Chemical composition
 Substances
 Number of moles
 Pressure
 Temperature
 Volume

State Functions
 Any property that only depends on object’s
current state or condition
 Independence from method, path or mechanism
by which change occurs is important feature of
all state functions
 Some State functions:
 Internal energy E = Ef – Ei
 Pressure P = Pf – Pi
 Temperature t = tf – ti
 Volume V = Vf – Vi
State of an object
 If T = 25°C, tells us all we need to know
 Don’t need to know how system got to that T,
just that this is where it currently is
 If T  to 35°C, then change in T is simply:
 t = tfinal – tinitial
 Don’t need to know how this occurred, just need to
know initial and final values
 What does t tell us?
 Change in average MKE of particles in object
 Change in object’s total KE
 Heat energy
Defining the System
System
 What we are interested in studying
 Reaction in beaker
Surroundings
 Everything else
 Room in which reaction is run
Boundary
 Separation between system and surroundings
 Visible Ex. Walls of beaker
 Invisible Ex. Line separating warm and cold fronts
Three Types of Systems
Open System
 Open to atmosphere
 Gain or lose mass and energy
across boundary Open system
 Most reactions done in open
systems
Closed System
 Not open to atmosphere
 Energy can cross boundary,
but mass cannot
Closed system
Three Types of Systems
Isolated System
 No energy or matter can cross
boundary
 Energy and mass are constant
Ex. Thermos bottle
Adiabatic Process
 Process that occurs in isolated
system Isolated system
 Process where neither energy nor

matter crosses the
system/surrounding boundary
Your Turn!
A closed system can __________
A. include the surroundings.

B. absorb energy and mass.
C. not change its temperature.
D. not absorb or lose energy and mass.
E. absorb or lose energy, but not mass.

Heat (q)
 Can’t measure heat directly
 Heat (q) gained or lost by an object
 Directly proportional to temperature change (t) it
undergoes
 Adding heat, increases temperature
 Removing heat, decreases temperature
 Measure changes in temperature to quantify
amount of heat transferred
q = C × t
 C = heat capacity
Heat Capacity (C)
 Amount of heat (q) required to raise
temperature of object by 1 °C
Heat Exchanged = Heat Capacity × t
q = C × t
 Units = J/°C or J°C –1
 Extensive property
 Depends on two factors
1. Sample size or amount (mass)
 Doubling amount doubles heat capacity
2. Identity of substance
 Water vs. iron
Learning Check: Heat Capacity
A cup of water is used in an experiment. Its heat
capacity is known to be 720 J/ °C. How much
heat will it absorb if the experimental
temperature changed from 19.2 °C to 23.5 °C?
q  C  t
 23.5  19.2C 
J
q  720
C
 4.3C 
J
q  720
C
q = 3.1 × 103 J
Learning Check: Heat Capacity
 If it requires 4.184 J to raise the temperature of
1.00 g of water by 1.00 °C, calculate the heat
capacity of 1.00 g of water.
q
C 
t
4.184 J
C 1.00 g  
 4.18 J/°C
1.00 C

Your Turn!
What is the heat capacity of 300 g of water if it
requires 2510 J to raise the temperature of the
water by 2.00 °C?
A. 4.18 J/°C 2510 J
C 300 g  
B. 418 J/°C 2.00  C
C. 837 J/°C
D. 1.26 × 103 J/°C
E. 2.51 × 103 J/°C

Specific Heat (s)
 Amount of Heat Energy needed to raise T of 1 g
substance by 1 °C
C
C=s×m or s 
m
 Intensive property
 Ratio of two extensive properties
 Units
 J/(g·°C) or J g1°C1
 Unique to each substance
 Large specific heat means substance releases
large amount of heat as it cools
Learning Check
 Calculate the specific heat of water if it the heat
capacity of 100 g of water is 418 J/°C.
C 418 J/ C 
s  s   4.18 J/(g°C)
m 100. g
 What is the specific heat of water if heat
capacity of 1.00 g of water is 4.18 J/°C?

4.18 J/ C
s   4.18 J/(g°C)
1.00 g
 Thus, heat capacity is independent of amount
Your Turn!
The specific heat of silver 0.235 J g–1 °C–1. What is
the heat capacity of a 100. g sample of silver?
A. 0.235 J/°C C  s m
B. 2.35 J/°C
J
C. 23.5 J/°C C  0.235  100. g
g  C
D. 235 J/°C
E. 2.35 × 103 J/°C

Using Specific Heat
Heat Exchanged = (Specific Heat  mass)  t
q = s  m  t
Units = J/(g  °C)  g  °C = J
 Substances with high specific heats resist T
changes
 Makes it difficult to change temperature widely
 Water has unusually high specific heat
 Important to body (~60% water)
 Used to cushion temperature changes
 Why coastal temperatures are different from inland
temperatures
Learning Check: Specific Heat
Calculate the specific heat of a metal if it takes
235 J to raise the temperature of a 32.91 g
sample by 2.53°C.
q  m  s  t
q 235J
s  
m  t 32.91g  2.53 C 
J
s  2.82 
g C
Your Turn!
The specific heat of copper metal is 0.385 J/(g∙°C).
How many J of heat are necessary to raise the
temperature of a 1.42 kg block of copper from
25.0 °C to 88.5 °C?
A. 547 J q  m  s  t
B. 1.37 × 104 J t  (88.5  25.0)C
C. 3.47 × 104 J
J
D. 34.7 J q  1420 g  0.385  63.5 C
g C
E. 4.74 × 104 J

Direction of Heat Flow
 Heat = energy transferred between 2 objects
 Heat lost by one object same magnitude as heat
gained by other object
 Sign of q indicates direction of heat flow
 Heat is gained, q is positive (+)
 Heat is lost, q is negative (–)
q1 = –q2
Ex. A piece of warm iron is placed into beaker of
cool water. Iron loses 10.0 J of heat, water gains
10.0 J of heat
qiron = – 10.0 J qwater = + 10.0 J
Your Turn!
A cast iron skillet is moved from a hot oven to a
sink full of water. Which of the following is
false?
A. The water heats
B. The skillet cools
C. The heat transfer for the skillet has a negative
(–) sign
D. The heat transfer for the skillet is the same as
the heat transfer for the water
E. None of these are false

Ex. 1 Using Heat Capacity
A ball bearing at 260 °C is dropped into a cup
containing 250. g of water. The water warms from
25.0 to 37.3 °C. What is the heat capacity of the ball
bearing in J/°C?
Heat capacity of the cup of water = 1046J /°C
qlost by ball bearing = –qgained by water
1. Determine temperature change of water
t water = (37.3 °C – 25.0 °C) = 12.3 °C
2. Determine how much heat gained by water
qwater = Cwatertwater = 1046 J/°C  12.3 °C
= 12,866 J
Ex. 1 Using Heat Capacity (cont)
A ball bearing at 260 °C is dropped into a cup
containing 250. g of water. The water warms from
25.0 to 37.3 °C. What is the heat capacity of the ball
bearing in J/°C? C of the cup of water = 1046J /°C
3. Determine how much heat ball bearing lost
qball bearing = – qwater = –12,866 J
4. Determine T change of ball bearing
t ball bearing = (37.3 °C – 260 °C) = –222.7 °C
5. Calculate C of ball bearing
q  12,866 J
C   = 57.8 J/°C
t 
 222.7 C
Ex. 2: Specific Heat Calculation
How much energy must you lose from a 250. mL
cup of coffee for the temperature to fall from
65.0°C to a 37.0 °C? {Assume density of coffee
= 1.00 g/mL, scoffee = swater = 4.18 J g1 °C1}
q = s  m  t
t = 37.0 – 65.0 °C = – 28.0 °C
q = 4.18 J g1 °C1250. mL1.00 g/mL(– 28.0 °C)

q = (–29.3  103 J) = –29.3 kJ

Ex. 3 Using Specific Heat
If a 38.6 g piece of silver absorbs 297 J of heat,
what will the final temperature of the gold be if the
initial temperature is 24.5 °C? The specific heat of
gold is 0.129 J g–1 °C–1.
Need to find tfinal t = tf – ti
First use q = s  m  t to calculate t
q 297 J
t   = 59.6 °C
s  m 0.129 J  g 1  C 1  38.6 g
Next calculate tfinal
59.6 °C = tf – 24.5 °C
tf = 59.6 °C + 24.5 °C = 84.1 °C
Your Turn!
What is the heat capacity of a container if 100.g
of water (s = 4.18 J/g·°C) at 100.°C are added to
100.g of water at 25°C in the container and the
final temperature is 61°C?
A. 35 J/°C
B. 4.12 ×103 J/°C
C. 21 J/°C
D. 4.53 ×103 J/°C
E. 50. J/°C
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Your Turn! - Solution
What is the heat capacity of a container if 100.g of
water (s = 4.18 J/g·°C) at 100.°C are added to 100.g
of water at 25°C in the container and the final
temperature is 61°C?
qlost by hot water = m∙t∙s
=(100.g)(61°C – 100.°C)(4.18 J/g·°C) = –16,302 J
qgained by cold water = (100.g)(61°C – 25°C)(4.18J/g·°C)
= 15,048 J
qlost by system = 15,048 J + (–16,302 J) = –1254 J
qcontainer = –qlost by system = +1254 J
q 1254 J
C   = 35 J/°C
t (61 - 25) C
Chemical Bonds and Energy
Chemical bond
 Attractive forces that bind
 Atoms to each other in molecules, or
 Ions to each other in ionic compounds
 Give rise to compound’s potential energy
Chemical energy
 Potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Chemical reactions
 Generally involve both breaking and making
chemical bonds
Chemical Reactions
Forming Bonds
 Things that attract each other move closer together
 Decrease PE of reacting system
 Releases energy
 “Profits” of reaction
Breaking Bonds
 Things that are attracted to each other are forced
apart
 Increase PE of reacting system
 Requires energy
 “Costs” of reaction
Exothermic Reaction
 Reaction where products have less chemical
energy than reactants
 Some chemical energy converted to kinetic energy
 Reaction releases heat to surroundings
 Heat leaves the system; q negative ( – )
 Heat/energy is product
 Reaction gets warmer (T)
Ex.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + heat

Endothermic Reaction
 Reaction where products have more chemical
energy than reactants
 Some kinetic energy converted to chemical energy
 Reaction absorbs heat from surroundings
 Heat added to system; q positive (+)
 Heat/energy is reactant
 Reaction becomes colder (T )
Ex. Photosynthesis
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) + solar energy 
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
Bond Strength
 Measure of how much energy is needed to
break bond or how much energy is released
when bond is formed.
 Larger amount of energy = stronger bond
 Weak bonds require less energy to break than
strong bonds
 Key to understanding reaction energies
Ex. If reaction has
 Weak bonds in reactants and
 Stronger bonds in products
 Heat released
Why Fuels Release Heat
 Methane and oxygen have weaker bonds

 Water and carbon dioxide have stronger bonds
Your Turn!
Chemical energy is
A. the kinetic energy resulting from violent
decomposition of energetic chemicals.
B. the heat energy associated with combustion
reactions.
C. the electrical energy produced by fuel cells.
D. the potential energy which resides in chemical
bonds.
E. the energy living plants receive from solar
radiation.

Heat of Reaction
 Amount of heat absorbed or released in chemical
reaction
 Determined by measuring temperature change
they cause in surroundings
Calorimeter
 Instrument used to measure temperature changes
 Container of known heat capacity
 Use results to calculate heat of reaction
Calorimetry
 Science of using calorimeter to determine heats of
reaction
Heats of Reaction
 Calorimeter design not standard
 Depends on
 Type of reaction
 Precision desired
 Usually measure heat of reaction under 1 of 2
sets of conditions
 Constant volume, qV
 Closed, rigid container
 Constant pressure, qP

What is Pressure?
 Amount of force acting on unit area
force
Pressure 
area
Atmospheric Pressure
 Pressure exerted by Earth’s atmosphere by virtue of
its weight.
 ~14.7 lb/in2
 Container open to atmosphere
 Under constant P conditions
 P ~ 14.7 lb/in2 ~ 1 atm ~ 1 bar

Comparing qV and qP
 Reactions involving large volume changes,
 Consumption or production of gas
 Difference between qV and qP can be significant
 Consider gas phase reaction in cylinder
immersed in bucket of water
 Reaction vessel is cylinder topped by piston
 Piston can be locked in place with pin
 Cylinder immersed in insulated bucket containing
weighed amount of water
 Calorimeter = piston, cylinder, bucket, and water

Comparing qV and qP
 Heat capacity of calorimeter = 8.101 kJ/°C
 Reaction run twice, identical amounts of reactants
Run 1: qV
 Run at constant volume
 Calorimeter absorbs all heat
produced in reaction
 Pin locked;
 ti = 24.00 C; tf = 28.91 C
qCal = Ct
= 8.101J/C  (28.91 – 24.00)C = 39.8 kJ
qV = – qCal = –39.8 kJ
Calculating difference in qV and qP
Run 2: qP
 Run at atmospheric pressure
 Pin unlocked
 ti = 27.32 C; tf = 31.54 C
 Heat absorbed by calorimeter is
qCal = Ct
= 8.101J/C  (31.54  27.32)C
= 34.2 kJ
qP = – qCal = –34.2 kJ

Why are qv and qp different in
reactions with significant volume
 qV = –39.8 kJ
change?
 qP = –34.2 kJ
 System (reacting mixture) expands, pushes
against atmosphere, does work
 Uses up some energy that would otherwise be heat
 Work = (39.8 kJ)  (34.2 kJ) = 5.6 kJ
 Expansion work or Pressure Volume work
 Minus sign means energy leaving system

Work Convention
Work = –P×V
 P = opposing pressure against which piston
pushes
 V = change in volume of gas during expansion
 V = Vfinal – Vinitial
 For Expansion
 Since Vfinal > Vinitial
 V must be positive
 So expansion work is negative
 Work done by system
Your Turn!
Calculate the work associated with the expansion
of a gas from 152.0 L to 189.0 L at a constant
pressure of 17.0 atm.
A. 629 L atm Work = –P×V
B. –629 L atm
V = 189.0 L – 152.0 L
C. –315 L atm
D. 171 L atm w = –17.0 atm × 37.0 L
E. 315 L atm

Your Turn!
A chemical reaction took place in a 6 liter cylindrical
enclosure fitted with a piston. Over the course of
the reaction, the system underwent a volume
change from 0.400 liters to 3.20 liters. Which
statement below is always true?
A. Work was performed on the system.
B. Work was performed by the system.
C. The internal energy of the system increased.
D. The internal energy of the system decreased.
E. The internal energy of the system remained
unchanged.
First Law of Thermodynamics
 In an isolated system, the change in internal
energy (E) is constant:
 E = Ef – E i = 0
 Can’t measure internal energy of anything
 Can measure changes in energy
E is state function
E = work + heat
E = q + w
E = heat input + work input

 “Energy of system may be transferred as heat
or work, but not lost or gained.”
 If we monitor heat transfers (q) of all materials
involved and all work processes, can predict
that their sum will be zero
 Some materials gain (have +) energy
 Others lose (have –) energy
 By monitoring surroundings, we can predict
what is happening to system

 E = q + w
q is (+) Heat absorbed by system (IN)

q is (–) Heat released by system (OUT)
w is (+) Work done on system (IN)
w is (–) Work done by system (OUT)
Endothermic reaction
 E = +
Exothermic reaction
 E = –
E is Independent of Path
q and w
 NOT path
independent
 NOT state
functions
 Depend on
how change
takes place

Discharge of Car battery
path a
 Short out with wrench
 All energy converted to heat, no work
 E = q (w = 0)
path b
 Run motor
 Energy converted to work and little heat
 E = w + q (w >> q)
 E is same for each path
 Partitioning between 2 paths differs
Heat and Work
Two ways system can exchange internal energy
with surroundings
1. Heat
 Heat absorbed, System’s E 
 Heat lost, System’s E 
2. Work
 Is exchanged when pushing force moves
something through distance
Ex. Compression or expansion of system’s gas

Heat and Work
2. Work (cont)
 System does work on surroundings
 Pushes back an opposing force
 System’s E 
Ex. Gases produced by combustion push piston
 System has work done on it by surroundings
 Surroundings push on system
 System’s E 
Ex. Compression of system’s gas

Heats of Reaction
 Measure E of system by measuring amount of
heat and work exchanged in system
 E = q + w
 Amount of work done by or on system depends on
 Pressure
 Volume
 Heat of reaction measured under conditions of
either constant volume or constant pressure

Your Turn!
A gas releases 3.0 J of heat and then performs
12.2 J of work. What is the change in internal
energy of the gas?
A. –15.2 J E= q+w
B. 15.2 J E = – 3.0 J + (–12.2 J)
C. –9.2 J
D. 9.2 J
E. 3.0 J

Your Turn!
Which of the following is not an expression for the
First Law of Thermodynamics?
A. Energy is conserved
B. Energy is neither created nor destroyed
C. The energy of the universe is constant
D. Energy can be converted from work to heat
E. The energy of the universe is increasing

Heat at Constant Volume, qV
 Carry out reaction in rigid walled container
 V = 0
 No work done
 All energy comes out as heat
 E = qv – 0 = qv
 Heat of reaction at constant value
 Constant Volume calorimetry
 Used for combustion reactions
 Determine heat of combustion
 Bomb calorimeter
Bomb Calorimeter (Constant V)
 Apparatus for
measuring E in
reactions at constant
volume
 Vessel in center with
rigid walls
 Heavily insulated vat
 Water bath
 No heat escapes
 E = qv

Ex. 3 Calorimeter Problem
When 1.000 g of olive oil is completely burned in pure
oxygen in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of the
water bath increases from 22.000 °C to 26.049 °C. a)
How many Calories are in olive oil, per gram? The heat
capacity of the calorimeter is 9.032 kJ/°C.
t = 26.049 °C – 22.000 °C = 4.049 °C
qabsorbed by calorimeter = Ct = 9.032kJ/°C × 4.049 °C
= 36.57 kJ
qreleased by oil = – qcalorimeter = – 36.57 kJ
 36.57 kJ 1 kcal 1 Cal
q oil (in cal/g)   
1.000 g 4.184 kJ 1 kcal
–8.740 Cal/g oil
Ex. 3 Calorimeter Problem (cont)
b) Olive oil is almost pure glyceryl trioleate,
C57H104O6. The equation for its combustion is
C57H104O6(ℓ) + 80 O2(g)  57 CO2(g) + 52 H2O(ℓ)
What is E for the combustion of one mole of
glyceryl trioleate (MM = 885.4 g/mol)? Assume the
olive oil burned in part a) was pure glyceryl trioleate.
 36.57 kJ 885.4 g C 57H104O6


1.000 g C 57H104O6 1 mol C 57H104O6
E = qV = –3.238 × 104 kJ/mol oil

Your Turn!
A bomb calorimeter has a heat capacity of 2.47 kJ/K.
When a 3.74×10–3 mol sample of ethylene (C2H4, MM
= 28.04 g/mol) was burned in this calorimeter, the
temperature increased by 2.14 K. Calculate the energy
of combustion for one mole of ethylene.
A. – 5.29 kJ/mol qcal = Ct
B. 5.29 kJ/mol = 2.47 kJ/K × 2.14 K = 5.286 kJ
C. – 148 kJ/mol
qethylene = – qcal = – 5.286 kJ
D. – 1410 kJ/mol
E. 1410 Kj/mol  5.286 kJ
E ethylene 
3.74  10  3 mol

Heat at Constant Pressure (qP)
 Chemists usually do NOT run reactions at
constant V
 Usually do reactions in open containers
 Open to atmosphere; constant P
 Heat of reaction at constant Pressure (qP)
 E = qP + w
 Inconvenient
 Must measure volume changes to determine E
 Define “corrected” internal energy for constant
pressure conditions
Enthalpy (H)
 Heat of reaction at constant Pressure (qP)
H = E + PV
 Similar to E, but for systems at constant P
 Now have PV work + heat transfer
 H = state function
 At constant Pressure
H = E + PV = (qP + w) + PV
If only work is P–V work, w = – P V
H = (qP + w) – w = qP
Enthalpy Change (H)
H = state function
 H = Hfinal – Hinitial
 H = Hproducts – Hreactants
 Significance of sign of H
Endothermic reaction
 System absorbs energy from surroundings
 H positive
Exothermic reaction
 System loses energy to surroundings
 H negative
Enthalpy vs. Internal Energy
 H = E + PV
Rearranging gives
 H – E = PV
 Difference between H and E is PV
 Reactions where form or consume gases
 PV can be large
 Reactions involving only liquids and solids
 V negligible
 So H ≈ E

Measuring Energy Changes
 All forms of E can be converted quantitatively
into heat.
 Thus, can completely determine amount of
any form of E by converting it to heat.
How?
 1 way: Let heat flow from exothermic
reaction into mass of cooler water and
measure  T.
 To do this we need physical property of H2O
 Capacity of H2O to absorb heat

Coffee Cup Calorimeter
 Simple
 Measures qP
 Constant P
 Let heat flow from exothermic
reaction into mass of cooler
water and measure T
 Very little heat lost
 Calculate heat of reaction
 qP = Ct

Ex. 4 Coffee Cup Calorimetry
NaOH and HCl undergo rapid and exothermic reaction
when you mix 50.0 mL of 1.00 M HCl and 50.0 mL of
1.00 M NaOH. The initial T = 25.5 °C and final T =
32.2 °C. What is H in kJ/mole of HCl? Assume for
these solutions s = 4.184 J g–1°C–1. Density: 1.00 M
HCl = 1.02 g mL–1; 1.00 M NaOH = 1.04 g mL–1.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq)
qabsorbed by solution = mass  s  t
massHCl = 50.0 mL  1.02 g/mL = 51.0 g
massNaOH = 50.0 mL  1.04 g/mL = 52.0 g
massfinal solution = 51.0 g + 52.0 g = 103.0 g
t = (32.2 – 25.5) °C = 6.7 °C
Ex. 4 Coffee Cup Calorimetry
qcal = 103.0 g  4.184 J g–1 °C–1  6.7 °C = 2887 J
Rounds to qcal = 2.9  103 J = 2.9 kJ
qrxn =  qcalorimeter =  2.9 kJ
1 mol HCl
0.0500 L HCl soln 
1 L HCl soln
= 0.0500 mol HCl
Heat evolved per mol HCl =
 2.9 kJ
H  = –58 kJ/mol
0.0500 mol HCl
Ex. 5: Coffee Cup Calorimetry
When 50.0 mL of 0.987 M H2SO4 is added to 25.0 mL
of 2.00 M NaOH at 25.0 °C in a calorimeter, the
temperature of the aqueous solution increases to
33.9 °C. Calculate H in kJ/mole of limiting reactant.
Assume: specific heat of the solution is 4.184 J/g°C,
density is 1.00 g/mL, and the calorimeter absorbs a
negligible amount of heat.
Write balanced net ionic equation
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(aq)
Determine heat absorbed by calorimeter
masssoln = (25.0 mL + 50.0 mL) × 1.00 g/mL = 75.0 g
qsoln = 75.0g×(33.9 – 25.0)°C×4.184J/g°C = 2.8×103J
Ex 5: Determine Limiting Reagent
1 L H2SO 4 0.987 mol H2SO 4
50.0 mL H2SO 4  
1000 mL H2SO 4 1 L H2SO 4
= 0.04935 mol H2SO4 present
2 mol NaOH
0.04935 mol H2SO 4  = 0.0987 mol NaOH
1 mol H2SO 4 needed
1 L NaOH 2 mol NaOH
25.0 mL NaOH  
1000 mL NaOH 1 L NaOH
= 0.0500 mol NaOH present
NaOH is limiting
 2.8  103 J 1 kJ
H   = – 56 kJ/mol
0.0500 mol NaOH 1000 J
Your Turn!
A 43.29 g sample of solid is transferred from boiling
water (T = 99.8°C) to 152 g water at 22.5°C in a
coffee cup. The temperature of the water rose to
24.3°C. Calculate the specific heat of the solid.
A. – 1.1 × 103 J g–1 °C–1 q = m × s × t
B. 1.1 × 103 J g–1 °C–1 4.184J
C. 1.0 J g–1 °C–1
qwater  152g   24.3  22.5
C
g C
D. 0.35 J g–1 °C–1 = 1.1 × 103 J
E. 0.25 J g–1 °C–1 qsample = – qwater = – 1.1 × 103 J
 1.1  10 3 J
s 
43.29 g  (24.3 – 99.8) C
Enthalpy Changes in Chemical
Reactions
 Focus on systems
 Endothermic
 Reactants + heat  products
 Exothermic
 Reactants  products + heat
 Want convenient way to use enthalpies to
calculate reaction enthalpies
 Need way to tabulate enthalpies of reactions

H in Chemical Reactions
Standard Conditions for H 's
 25 °C and 1 atm
Standard Heat of Reaction (H°)
 Enthalpy change for reaction at 1 atm and 25 °C
Ex. 5
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2 NH3(g)
1.000 mol 3.000 mol 2.000 mol
 When N2 and H2 react to form NH3 at 25 °C and 1 atm
 92.38 kJ released
 H= –92.38 kJ
Thermochemical Equation
 Write H° immediately after equation
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) H°= – 92.38 kJ
 Must give physical states of products and
reactants
 Hrxn different for different states
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ) H = – 890.5 kJ
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H = – 802.3 kJ
 Difference = energy to vaporize water

Thermochemical Equation
 Write H° immediately after equation
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) H°= – 92.38 kJ
 Assumes coefficients = # moles
 92.38 kJ released  2 moles of NH3 formed
 If 10 mole of NH3 formed
5N2(g) + 15H2(g)  10NH3(g) H°= – 461.9 kJ
 H°rxn = (5 × –92.38 kJ) = – 461.9 kJ
 Can have fractional coefficients
 Fraction of mole, NOT fraction of molecule
½N2(g) + 3/2H2(g)  NH3(g) H° = – 46.19 kJ
State Matters!
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
ΔH = – 2043 kJ
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(ℓ)
ΔH = – 2219 kJ
Note: there is difference in energy because
states do not match
If H2O(ℓ) → H2O(g) ΔH = 44 kJ/mol
4H2O(ℓ) → 4H2O(g) ΔH = 176 kJ/mol
Or – 2219 kJ + 176 kJ = – 2043 kJ

Learning Check:
Consider the following reaction:
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
ΔE = –2511 kJ
The reactants (acetylene and oxygen) have 2511
kJ more energy than products. How many kJ are
released for 1 mol C2H2?
 2511kJ
 1mol C 2H2  –1,256 kJ
2mol C 2H2

Learning Check:
Given the equation below, how many kJ are
required for 44 g CO2 (MM = 44.01 g/mol)?
6CO2(g) + 6H2O → C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) ΔH = 2816 kJ
1 mol CO2 2816 kJ
44 g CO2    470 kJ
44.01 g CO2 6 mol CO2
 If 100. kJ are provided, what mass of CO2 can be
converted to glucose?
6mol CO2 44.0g CO2
100kJ    9.38 g
2816kJ 1mol CO2

Your Turn!
Based on the reaction
CH4(g) + 4Cl2(g)  CCl4(g) + 4HCl(g)
H = – 434 kJ/mol CH4
What energy change occurs when 1.2 moles of
methane reacts?
A. – 3.6 × 102 kJ H = – 434 kJ/mol × 1.2 mol
B. +5.2 × 102 kJ H = – 520.8 kJ
C. – 4.3 × 102 kJ
D. +3.6 × 102 kJ
E. – 5.2 × 102 kJ
Running Thermochemical
Equations in Reverse
Consider
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
H° = – 802.3 kJ
 Reverse thermochemical equation
 Must change sign of H
CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)  CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
H° = 802.3 kJ

Reverse Thermochemical
equation, Changes sign of H
 Makes sense:
 Get energy out when form products
 Must put energy in to go back to reactants
 Consequence of Law of Conservation of
Energy
 Like mathematical equation
 If you know H° for reaction, you also know H°
for reverse reaction

Multiple Paths; Same H°
 Can often get from reactants to products by
several different paths
Reactants Products
Intermediate A Intermediate B
 Should get same H°

 Enthalpy is state function and path independent
 Let’s see if this is true
Ex. 7 Multiple Paths; Same H°
Path a: Single step
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H° = –393.5 kJ
Path b: Two step
Step 1: C(s) + ½O2(g)  CO(g) H° = –110.5 kJ
Step 2: CO(g) + ½O2(g)  CO2(g) H° = –283.0 kJ
Net Rxn: C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H° = –393.5 kJ
 Chemically and thermochemically, identical
results
 True for Exothermic reaction or for Endothermic
reaction
Ex.8 Multiple Paths; Same H°
Path a: N2(g) + 2O2(g)  2NO2(g) H° = 68 kJ
Path b:
Step 1: N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g) H° = 180. kJ
Step 2: 2NO(g) + O2(g)  2NO2(g) H° = –112 kJ
Net rxn: N2(g) + 2O2(g)  2NO2(g) H° = 68 kJ
Hess’s Law of Heat Summation
 For any reaction that can be written into steps, value
of H° for reactions = sum of H° values of each
individual step

Enthalpy Diagrams
 Graphical description of Hess’ Law
 Vertical Axis = enthalpy scale
 Horizontal line =various states of reactions
 Higher up = larger enthalpy
 Lower down = smaller enthalpy

Enthalpy Diagrams
 Use to measure H
 Arrow down H = –
 Arrow up H = +
 Calculate cycle
 1 step process = sum
of 2 step process
Ex. H2O2(ℓ)  H2O(ℓ) + ½O2(g)

–286kJ = –188kJ + Hrxn
Hrxn = –286 kJ – (–188 kJ )
Hrxn = –98 kJ
Hess’s Law
Hess’s Law of Heat Summation
 Going from reactants to products
 Enthalpy change is same whether reaction takes
place in one step or many
 Chief Use
 Calculation of H° for reaction that can’t be
measured directly
 Thermochemical equations for individual steps
of reaction sequence may be combined to obtain
thermochemical equation of overall reaction

Rules for Manipulating
Thermochemical Equations
1. When equation is reversed, sign of H° must
also be reversed.
2. If all coefficients of equation are multiplied or
divided by same factor, value of H° must
likewise be multiplied or divided by that factor
3. Formulas canceled from both sides of equation
must be for substance in same physical states

Strategy for Adding Reactions
Together:
1. Choose most complex compound in equation
for one-step path
2. Choose equation in multi-step path that
contains that compound
3. Write equation down so that compound
 Is on appropriate side of equation
 has appropriate coefficient for our reaction
4. Repeat steps 1 – 3 for next most complex
compound, etc.

Strategy for Adding Reactions (Cont.)
5. Choose equation that allows you to
 cancel intermediates
 multiply by appropriate coefficient
6. Add reactions together and cancel like terms
7. Add energies together, modifying enthalpy
values in same way equation modified
 If reversed equation, change sign on enthalpy
 If doubled equation, double energy

Ex.9 Calculate H° for
Cgraphite(s)  Cdiamond(s)
Given Cgr(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H° = –394 kJ
–1[ Cdia(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H° = –396 kJ ]
 To get desired equation, must reverse 2nd
equation and add resulting equations
Cgr(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H° = –394 kJ
CO2(g)  Cdia(s) + O2(g) H° = –(–396 kJ)
Cgr(s) + O2(g) + CO2(g)  Cdia(s) + O2(g) + CO2(g)
H° = –394 kJ + 396 kJ = + 2 kJ

Learning Check: Ex.10
Calculate H° for
2 Cgr(s) + H2(g)  C2H2(g)
Given the following:
a. C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g)  2CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
H° = – 1299.6 kJ
b. Cgr(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H° = –393.5 kJ
c. H2(g) + ½O2(g)  H2O(ℓ) H° = – 285.8 kJ

Ex.10 Calculate for
2Cgr (s) + H2(g)  C2H2(g)
–a 2CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)  C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g)

H° = – (–1299.6 kJ) = +1299.6 kJ
+2b 2Cgr(s) + 2O2(g)  2CO2(g)
H° =(2 –393.5 kJ) = –787.0 kJ
+c H2(g) + ½O2(g)  H2O(ℓ) H° = –285.8 kJ
2CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) + 2Cgr(s) + 2O2(g) + H2(g) + ½O2(g)

 C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g) + 2CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
2Cgr(s) + H2(g)  C2H2(g) H° = +226.8 kJ

Your Turn!
Which of the following is a statement of Hess's Law?
A. H for a reaction in the forward direction is equal to
 H for the reaction in the reverse direction.
B. H for a reaction depends on the physical states of
the reactants and products.
C. If a reaction takes place in steps, H for the reaction
will be the sum of Hs for the individual steps.
D. If you multiply a reaction by a number, you multiply
H by the same number.
E. H for a reaction in the forward direction is equal in
magnitude and opposite in sign to H for the reaction
in the reverse direction.
Your Turn!
Given the following data:
C2H2(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) H = –1300. kJ
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H = –394 kJ
H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O(ℓ) H = –286 kJ
Calculate for the reaction
2C(s) + H2(g)  C2H2(g)
A. 226 kJ
B. –1980 kJ
H = +1300. kJ + 2(–394 kJ) + (–286 kJ)
C. –620 kJ
D. –226 kJ
E. 620 kJ
Tabulating H° values
 Need to Tabulate H° values
 Major problem is vast number of reactions
 Define standard reaction and tabulate these
 Use Hess’s Law to calculate H° for any other
reaction
Standard Enthalpy of Formation, Hf°
 Amount of heat absorbed or evolved when one
mole of substance is formed at 1 atm (1 bar) and
25 °C (298 K) from elements in their standard
states
 Standard Heat of Formation
Standard State
 Most stable form and physical state of
element at 1 atm (1 bar) and 25 °C (298 K)
element Standard Note: All Hf° of
state elements in their
O O2(g) std states = 0
C Cgr(s)
H H2(g) Forming element
from itself.
Al Al(s)
Ne Ne(g)
 See Appendix C in back of textbook and Table 7.2

Uses of Standard Enthalpy (Heat)
of Formation, Hf°
1. From definition of Hf°, can write balanced
equations directly
Hf°{C2H5OH(ℓ)}
2C(s, gr) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g)  C2H5OH(ℓ)
Hf° = –277.03 kJ/mol
Hf°{Fe2O3(s)}
2Fe(s) + 3/2O2(g)  Fe2O3(s) Hf° = – 822.2 kJ/mol

Your Turn!
What is the reaction that corresponds to the
standard enthalpy of formation of NaHCO3(s), Hf°
= – 947.7 kJ/mol?
a. Na(s) + ½H2(g) + 3/2O2(g) + C(s, gr)  NaHCO3(s)

b. Na+(g) + H+(g) + 3O2–(g) + C4+(g)  NaHCO3(s)
c. Na+(aq) + H+(aq) + 3O2–(aq) + C4+(aq)  NaHCO3(s)
d. NaHCO3(s)  Na(s) + ½H2(g) + 3/2O2(g) + C(s, gr)
e. Na+(aq) + HCO3–(aq)  NaHCO3(s)

Using Hf°
2. Way to apply Hess’s Law without needing to
manipulate thermochemical equations
Sum of all Sum of all

H°reaction = H°f of all of – H°f of all of
the products the reactants
Consider the reaction:

aA + bB  cC + dD
H°reaction = c×H°f(C) + d×H°f(D) –
{a×H°f(A) + b×H°f(B)}

Ex.11 Calculate H°rxn Using Hf°
Calculate H°rxn using Hf° data for the reaction
SO3(g)  SO2(g) + ½O2(g)
1. Add Hf° for each product times its coefficient
2. Subtract Hf° for each reactant times its
coefficient.
H rxn

 H f (SO 2 ( g ))  1
2 H 
f (O 2 ( g ) )  H 
f (SO 3 ( g ))
H rxn

 297 kJ/mol  1
2 (0 kJ/mol)  (396 kJ/mol)
H°rxn = 99 kJ/mol

Learning Check
Calculate H°rxn using Hf° for the reaction
4NH3(g) + 7O2(g)  4NO2(g) + 6H2O(ℓ)
H rxn

 4 H f (NO 2 ( g ))  6H f (H2 O())
 
 4 H f (NH3 ( g ))  7H f (O 2 ( g ))
H rxn

 4 mol(34 kJ/mol)  6 mol(285.9 kJ/mol)
 4 mol( 46.0 kJ/mol)  7 mol(0 kJ/mol)
H°rxn = [136 – 1715.4 + 184] kJ
H°rxn = – 1395 kJ

Check Using Hess’s Law
4*[NH3(g)  ½ N2(g) + 3/2 H2(g)] – 4*Hf°(NH3, g)
7*[ O2(g)  O2(g) ] – 7*Hf°(O2, g)
4*[ O2(g) + ½ N2(g)  NO2(g)] 4*Hf°(NO2, g)
6*[ H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O(ℓ) ] 6* Hf°(H2O, ℓ)
4NH3(g) + 7O2(g)  4NO2(g) + 6H2O(ℓ)

H rxn

 4 H f (NO 2 ( g ))  6H f (H2 O())
 
 4 H f (NH3 ( g ))  7H f (O 2 ( g ))
 
Same as before

Other Calculations
 Don’t always want to know H°rxn
 Can use Hess’s Law and H°rxn to calculate
Hf° for compound where not known
Ex. Given the following data, what is the value of

Hf°(C2H3O2–, aq)?
Na+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ)  NaC2H3O2·3H2O(s)
H°rxn = –19.7 kJ/mol
Hf°(Na+, aq) – 239.7 kJ/mol
Hf°(NaC2H3O2·3H2O, s) – 710.4 kJ/mol
Hf°(H2O, ℓ) – 285.9 kJ/mol
Ex. 13 cont.
H°rxn = Hf°(NaC2H3O2·3H2O, s) – Hf°(Na+, aq)
– Hf°(C2H3O2–, aq) – 3Hf°(H2O, ℓ)
Rearranging
Hf°(C2H3O2–, aq) = Hf°(NaC2H3O2·3H2O, s) –
Hf°(Na+, aq) – H°rxn – 3Hf° (H2O, ℓ)
Hf°(C2H3O2–, aq) =
–710.4kJ/mol – (–239.7kJ/mol) – (–19.7kJ/mol)
– 3(–285.9kJ/mol)
= + 406.7 kJ/mol

Learning Check
Calculate H for this reaction using Hf° data.
2Fe(s) + 6H2O(ℓ)  2Fe(OH)3(s) + 3H2(g)
Hf° 0 –285.8 –696.5 0
H°rxn = 2*Hf°(Fe(OH)3, s) + 3*Hf°(H2, g)

– 2* Hf°(Fe, s) – 6*Hf°(H2O, ℓ)
H°rxn = 2 mol*(– 696.5 kJ/mol) + 3*0 – 2*0
– 6 mol*(–285.8 kJ/mol)
H°rxn = –1393 kJ + 1714.8 kJ
H°rxn = 321.8 kJ

Learning Check
Calculate H for this reaction using Hf° data.
CO2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)  2O2(g) + CH4(g)
Hf° –393.5 –285.8 0 – 74.8
H°rxn = 2*Hf°(O2, g) + Hf°(CH4, g)

–Hf°(CO2, g) – 2* Hf°(H2O, ℓ)
H°rxn = 2×0 + 1 mol × (–74.8 kJ/mol) – 1 mol
× (–393.5 kJ/mol) – 2 mol × (–285.8 kJ/mol)
H°rxn = –74.8 kJ + 393.5 kJ + 571.6 kJ
H°rxn = 890.3 kJ

Nergy and Chemical Reaction 7

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Nergy and Chemical Reaction 7

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Chapter 7:

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 2

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 4

Total = Potential + Kinetic

 Hot and cold objects placed in

 If calculated value is greater than 1000 J, use

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 8

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 9

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 18

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 21

 Process where neither energy nor

A. include the surroundings.

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 27

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 31

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 32

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 35

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 39

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 41

t = 37.0 – 65.0 °C = – 28.0 °C

q = 4.18 J g1 °C1250. mL1.00 g/mL(– 28.0 °C)

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 44

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 50

 Methane and oxygen have weaker bonds

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 54

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 56

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 57

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 58

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 60

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 61

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 63

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 65

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 66

q is (+) Heat absorbed by system (IN)

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 68

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 70

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 71

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 72

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 73

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 74

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 76

 36.57 kJ 885.4 g C 57H104O6

E = qV = –3.238 × 104 kJ/mol oil

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 78

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 79

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 83

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 84

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 85

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 91

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 93

Or – 2219 kJ + 176 kJ = – 2043 kJ

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 96

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 97

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 99

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 100

 Should get same H°

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 103

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 104

Ex. H2O2(ℓ)  H2O(ℓ) + ½O2(g)

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 106

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 107

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 108

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 109

H°rxn = 2Hf°(Fe(OH)3, s) + 3Hf°(H2, g)