Gawat Darurat Paru: Dr. Ucok Martin, SPP Rsup H. Adam Malik Medan
Gawat Darurat Paru: Dr. Ucok Martin, SPP Rsup H. Adam Malik Medan
Monitoring progress
Pre and post nebulizer peak flows
Repeated arterial blood gases ( 1- 2 hourly )
Gejala eksaserbasi :
Batuk makin sering / hebat
Produksi sputum bertambah banyak
Sputum berubah warna
Sesak napas bertambah
Keterbatasan aktivitas bertambah
Terdapat gagal napas akut pada gagal napas kronik
Kesadaran menurun
Prinsip Penatalaksanaan eksaserbasi PPOK
Optimalisasi penggunaan obat – obatan
Bronkodilator
Agonis β2 kerja singkat kombinasi dengan antikolinergik melalui
inhalasi (nebuliser) (bukti A)
Xantin intravena (bolus dan drip) (bukti B)
Kortikosteroid sistemik (bukti A)
Antibiotik
Golongan makrolid baru (azitromisin, Roksitromisin, Klaritromisin)
Golongan kuinolon respirasi
Sefalosporin generasi III/IV
Mukolitik
Ekspektoran
Terapi oksigen
Terapi Nutrisi
Rehabilitasi fisis dan respirasi
Evaluasi progresifiti penyakit
edukasi
Indikasi rawat :
Peningkatan gejala (sesak, batuk) saat tidak beraktivitas
PPOK dengan derajat berat
Terdapat tanda-tanda sianosis dan atau edema
Disertai penyakit komorbid(penyerta) lain
Sering eksaserbasi
Didapatkan aritmia
Diagnostik yang belum jelas
Usia lanjut
Infeksi saluran napas berat
Gagal napas akut pada gagal napas kronik
Indikasi rawat ICU :
Sesak berat setelah penanganan adekuat di ruang gawat darurat atau
ruang rawat
Kesadaran menurun, letargi atau kelemahan otot – otot respirasi
Setelah pemberian oksigen tetapi terjadi hipoksemia atau
perburukan PaO2 < 50 mmHg atau PaCO2 > 50 mmHg,
memerlukan ventilasi mekanis (invasif atau noninvasif)
Memerlukan penggunaan ventilasi mekanis invasif
Ketidakstabilan hemodinamik
Emboli Paru
DEFINISI
Khas sesak saat berbaring malam (PND) Riwayat Gejala / tanda infeksi, penurunan
atau sesak saat berbaring (ortopnea) kesadaran akibat muntah
Gallop S3, murmur, JVP , hepatomegali, Pemeriksaan Tidak spesifik , akral hangat
edema perifer, akral dingin fisik
Heart size N N
Pulmonary or non pulmonary infection or History, physical examination, and routine Hycongestory of mycocardial infarction or stive
history of aspiration hyperdynamic state laboratory examination heart failure, low output state, third heart
high white cell count, evidence of sound, pheriperal edema, jugular venous
distension, elevated cardiac enzymes, brain
pancreatitis peritronitis natriuretic peptide level > 500 pg/ml
And
Normal cardiac silhuette, vascular pedicle Chest Radiograpgh Enlarged cardiac silhuette, vascular pedicle
width 70 mm, peripheral infiltrates, width > 70 mm, central infiltrates,
absence of Kerley’s B lines presence of Kerley’s B lines
Diagnosis uncertain?
Normal or small chamber size, Transthoracic echocardiogram (or Enlarged cardiac chambers
normal left ventricular function transesophageal echocardiogram if Decreased left ventricular function
transthoracic views in adequate)
Diagnosis uncertain?
Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure 18 Pulmonary - artery catheterization Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure
mmHg > 18 mmHg
DEFINITION
Failure of the respiratory
system to meet the
metabolic demands of the
body resulting in hypoxia
with or without hypercapnia
RF I = PaO2 < 50 mmHg
Oxygenation failure
Causes
Pulmonary infarction
Collapse, oedema,embolism,
Pneumonia,fibrosis,Aspiration pneumonitis
SYMPTOM / SIGN HYPOXIA
ACUTE HYPOXIA
Early:Central cyanosis, tachycardia, tachypnea
,hypertension,arrhythmia, Anxiety, restlessness, dyspnea
Late:Mycocardial depression,
Hypotension,bradycardia,Heart failure and
shock,Convulsion, coma, death
CHRONIC HYPOXIA , clubbing,Pulmonary hypertension,
corpulmonale,polycythemia and hepatic dysfunction
RF II = PaO2 < 50 mmHg + PaCO2 > 50 mmHg
Hypercapnic respiratory failure
Causes
- Pulmonary: chronic obstructive lung diseases, Interstitial lung fibrosis
and cystic fibrosis, sleep apnea syndrome, Chest wall lesions
-Neuromuscular lesions, Spinal cord lesions, Brain lesions
HYPERCAPNIA
Acute hypercapnia : Swatin,hot extremities,Tachycardia, flapping tremors,
Drowsiness, Coma, death
Chronic hypercapnia: Headache, Papiloedema, Increased intracranial
pressure, flapping tremors, CO2 narcosis: Drowsiness, Hypersomnia
REPIRATORY FAILURE
MANAGEMENT TREATMENT
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
1. Primary survey
1. Arterial blood analysis 2. Hospitalization
3. ICU
2. Respiratory function
4. oxygen inhalation
test Type (I) RF a high
concentration of inspired
3. Investigation of the oxygen
causes Type (II) RF itu
tergantung pada
4. CXR penyebabnya, pada PPOK,
pasien diberikan
konsentrasi terus menerus
5. Electrolite, blood sugar dan rendah oksigen
terinspirasi
6. Rutine lab 5. artificial ventilation
6. treatment of the causes
7. treatment of precipitating
factors
8. treatment of complications
Five Step ABG Interpretation
But first, why evaluate ABGs?
Untuk menentukan asam / basa Status (pH)
Untuk mengevaluasi kecukupan ventilasi (PaCO2)
Untuk mengevaluasi kecukupan oksigenasi (PaO2)
Untuk memahami apakah kelainan tersebut lama atau sangat
akut (HCO3)
Arterial Blood Gas Values
Normal values (room air, sea level)
pH 7.35 - 7.45
paCO2 35 - 45 torr
paO2 75 - 100 torr
-
HCO3 24 - 35 mEq/L
Five Step ABG Interpretation
Step 1: Acid/Base Status
Look at the pH. Is it normal or abnormal?
If abnormal, is it acid or base?
< 7.35: acid
> 7.45: base
Write it down!