 RESEARCH is derived from the middle French “recherche”,

which means “ to go about seeking” the term itself being

derived from old French term “recherchier” a compound
word from “ re- + “cherchier or “sercher”, meaning search
(ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY).
 It is the systematic process of gathering and analyzing data
to establish a plan of action. It is simply the collection of
facts, information or details on a particular subject.
 RESEARCH will help you and all the people to discover and
to explain facts that may be the reason why a modification
in almost everything is happening. As Fermin (1999) stated
that “truth exposes man’s life is always touched by the
products of research.
 RESEARCH was defined as a vehicle for mobility.
There are certain characteristics that make a research acceptable.
1. It is accurate.
2. It is logical and objective
3. It is relevant
4. It is patiently done
5. It is specific, measurable and attainable
6. It is systematic and is carefully planned
7. It is timely
8. It is clear
9. It is complete
10. It is presentable
The following are suggested steps in writing a research:
1. Choosing a topic
- In choosing a topic, consider something which is not
complicated and will bring definite results to your questions.
2. Narrowing a subject
- The subject or topic you have chosen might be too broad or
general. Narrowing a topic means to limit it to small or specific
topics.
3. Taking down notes
- As you read, you must jot down important information like the
source, topic or heading that you can use as a guide. Take down
notes concisely and accurately.
a. Summary note card (Precise Note Card). This note card is a
condensed form of what you have read. You need to make use of
your own words in a summary note card, but make sure that you
retain the original idea of the author. None of your opinions should
be included here.
b. Paraphrase Note Card. A paraphrase note card includes a more
comprehensive discussion compared to précis. An original
composition using your own words which are simpler and more
widely understood without sacrificing the ideas or tone in the
original text or composition.
c. Quotation Note. This note is an exact copy of the statements read
during the research. Direct quotations should be enclosed in the
quotation marks indicate that they are copied verbatim.
4. Formulating the Thesis Statement
- The thesis statement is a statement that contains the main idea of a
research. It limits the scope of a study. And because it does, you are
given more chance to explore your topic thoroughly.
- Expressed in a declarative sentence.
- A thesis statement is neither a question, a definition, an opinion, nor command. It should
be a statement which is arguable, debatable, and explainable.
Rossenwasser and Stephen (2006) consider a thesis is weak if:
a. It makes no claim, therefore no iisues to resolve.
Ex. This research will discuss climate change
b. It states a fact.
Ex. Running is a good exercise for the heart.
c. It restate a conventional wisdom.
Ex. Children are exposed to violence on TV even in watching cartoons.
D. It offers personal convictions as the basis for the claim.
Ex. Shopping malls are better places than parks.
E. It makes an overly broad claim.
Ex. Othello is a lay about love and jeoulosy
5. Drafting the Outline
- An outline, is a general plan of what you intend to write.
• You have to classify each information and its connection to your topic or
subject. The sorted information may now be grouped according to content
the headings- main and subheadings – which are parallel in structure.

6. Writing the first Draft

This part will be easier to write if you have arranged your note
cards and outline in a more coherent order. How facts or events
are arranged logically is what we call coherence. Doing this will
ensure that you will not commit plagiarism, which means
imitating or stealing of ones person thoughts or ideas.
To write the first draft, begin with the first topic in your outline.
Read the information gathered and then start writing based on
the idea of what you have read.
 Is the first paragraph or part of a research. It gives the background of your paper;
therefore, it gives your audience an idea what your is all about. Start with a few
sentences to introduce your topic is about. Start with a few sentences to introduce
your topic but make these sentences interesting.
 The introduction of a research paper includes the following (Antonio, 2009):

• Background of the Study. This discusses the brief history of the

problem, its source or origin and a description of the event which
leads this topic as researchable one.
• Statement of the Problem. This problem should be clearly stated
and defined. It may be in the form of a statement or a question or a
combination of the two.
• Significance if the Study. This part gives the explanation of the
importance of the problem being investigated and the significance of
its results.
• Scope and delimitations of the Study. This gives you
the limitation and coverage of the study. Furthermore the
scope should state the number of subjects or target
population as well as the research instruments or design.
• Hypothesis. These are the intelligent guesses regarding
the results of the study. Similarly, these are the conjectural
statements of relationships between two or more variables.
These are based on existing information or knowledge
which are tested experimentally or empirically.
 The body is the longest part of the paper this contains main
points and details about them. The body contains the main
parts the need to be proven based on your thesis
statement. Support these points with facts and proofs and
not with opinions cannot be validated. You may also add
some strategies in writing like comparion and contrast,
explanation of time, sequence, cause and effect, definition,
question and answer and so on.
 The conclusion is the last part of the paper. It is the
summary or the restatement of what has been discussed in
the introduction and the body of the research. Since it is the
last part of the paper, it should not introduce any new idea.
The conclusion is the part where you can prove that your
paper is worth reading. You can prove this by restating the
major points of you research but not to explain again or go
into details. You readers already know what you have
previously discussed to help them and the conclusion is
just to help them recall what you have written.
7. Documenting and writing In-text Citations

 Documentation is defined as the recording of published source

materials for the research report (Holt,2009). It can also be defined as
the acknowledgment of the sources or references used in a research.
 If many authors are cited in the text, arrange the surnames
alphabetically, separated by a semi-colon and the enclosed in the
parentheses.
Example:
• Statistical analyses ( Galura, 2003; Kelly, 2004; Madlang, 2005; Vargas,
2001) showed that…..
if two or more works by one author is cited in the text, arrange
the years chronologically and separate them by a commas and a semi-
colon.
Example:
Example:
• Statistical analyses (Madlang, 1983; 1986; 2003; 2005) show that….
if there are no authors use the title of the publication in place of
the author’s
name. this may be the first two or three words in the entry found in the
list of reference.

Example.
• Teenagers found body piercing as an avenue of self expression (Art
of Body Piercing, 1998).
8. Preparing the Bibliography
Format examples:Bibliography is a list of the books or works that you
have read and consulted in writing your paper. The APA style, which
we have adopted in the previous lessons lists the elements in order:
Author, year of publication , title, place of publication and publisher. Take
note of the capitalization, punctuation, indentions and titles in italics.

A. Books
format:
Author’s last name, first initial. (Year of Publication. Book title. City of
publication. Publisher.

Example:
Kumar, R. (1996). Research methodology. Australia: Addison Wesley
Longman Australia, Pty Ltd.
B. Magazine's / Newspaper Articles
Format:

Author’s last name, first initial. (Date of publication). Article title.

Periodical title, volume number (issue number if available), inclusive
pages.

Example:

Ramos A. (2003, January 10). Baking Christmas goodies. Week time, 15, 2-3

C. Website
1. Online periodical
Format:
Author’s name. (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume
number, Retrieved month, day, year from full URL

Example:

Scorpio, TJ. (1965, November 2). The life of a soldier. New York time.
Retrieved September 21, 2003, from http://www.nytimes.com

2. Online Document
Format:
Author’s name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month,
day, year from full URL

Example:
Rosenwasser, D. and Stephen, J. (2006). Writing analytically. Boston, MA:
Thomson Wadsworth. Retrieved from http;//www.create.
Arizona.edu/content/weak-thesis-statements-recognizing-and-fixing-
them
9. Revising your Draft.
 Proofreading is to check the errors in writing. When you read back,
do not be frustrated if you find flaws in your work because even
professional writer suffer the same. These are the errors in grammar,
spelling, punctuations, indentions spacing and writing mechanics.
 Below are guidelines to help you proofread your paper;
a) Consult the dictionary for spelling problems.
b) Check a grammar, run-on sentences, comma splices, fragments etc.
c) Use the active voice of the verb as much as possible.
d) Check for redundant or repetitive words, unless the repetition is used for
emphasis.
e) Make sure that the sentences are parallel in structure.
 Revising your first draft means that you need to do some changes in your work like
rephrasing your sentences to improve them, rethinking of ideas, checking
argments, arranging ideas in a more logical order, and checking the sentences for
coherence. When you revise, do not hesitate to omit or delete ideas that may
confuse the reader in understanding your research.

10. Writing the Final Paper.

 The last step in writing a research paper. Everything should have been checked
and fixed. If time permits, put the paper aside for a few days, the read again. If you
have missed the errors, this time they will be easier to find. Once you have
checked your work, you are ready to type your final paper.
Below are the general specifications in typing the final paper.
a. Type your work on an 8” x 11” size of bond paper. Generally, the margins of one
(1) inch at the top and bottom and at the sides are followed. Ask your teacher
regarding the margins required by your paper.
b. the text should be typed double space all throughout. This includes quotations,
notes and bibliography.
c. Use don’t 12.
d. Begin your paragraphs with 5 sentences
1. Generally, the title is formulated before the start of research work. It may be revised
refined later if there is a need. Or it may be according to the suggestions given by the
panel of examiners.
2. The title may contain the subject matter of the study; the locale of the study; the
population involved; and the period when the data were gathered or will be gathered.
3. It must be broad enough to include all aspect of the subject matter studied or to be
studied. Hence, the title indicates what is to be found inside the thesis report.
4. It must be brief and concise as possible.
5. Avoid using terms “An Analysis of,’’ A study of, “An investigate of, “ and the like. All
these things are understood to have been done or to be done when a research is
conducted.
1. Title page – This is the page that is the easiest to prepare. It tells the readers what
the papers is about. In writing this page, make use of the format your professor will
require you to follow.

Ex.
2. Approval sheet – This document shows if your committee has approved the
contents of your paper. A copy of it is given to the schools and forms part of your
records.

Ex.
3. Acknowledgement- This page shows the people whom the writer wishes to thank.
Generally, these are the people who have helped, inspired and supported the writer
throughout the writing process.

Ex.
4. Table of Contents – This page lists the contents of the paper and the pages where
to find them.

Ex.
 List of Tables
Ex.

List of Figures
Ex.