Introduction of Course

Course Code: ZOL-4140

Course Title: Fish Culture
Credit Hours: 3(2-1)
Class: M. Sc. Zoology
Session: Fall, 2018-19
Instructor: Zulqurnain
Contact #: +92-300-8353434
Email: zulfi.gujjar@gmail.com

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 5. Criteria for Selection of Fish Suitable for Fish Farming
5.1. High growth rate (FCR)= FG/AW

5.2. Ability to use natural food of pond and accept artificial feed

5.3. Hard and disease resistant

5.4. Successfully reproduce under rearing conditions

5.5. Able to live in confined space, companionable and compatible
(polyculture or composite culture)

5.6. Non-predaceous, planktophagous and preferably herbivorous

5.7. Low bone to flesh ratio

5.8. Acceptable to consumer

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik
 6. Natural food and growth

• Food
• Feed
• Diet
• Nutrient
• Ingredient
• Nutritive & Energy value

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 6.1. Natural fish food and growth of cultivated fishes

• Mud
Aminoacids, microorganisms & organic product of decay
• Detritus
plant debris, organic material, animal excreta
• Plankton
Tiny organisms, divided on basis of community
Phytoplankton
Plant origin, Immobility, mercy of water movement e.g.
Unicellular algae, diatoms & Desmids
Zooplankton
Animal origin, motile, free swimming e.g. Protozoans,
rotifers, copepods, cladocerans, crustaceans larvae

Conti……….
Dr. M. Samee Mubarik
6.2. Plankton ecologically can divided
– Heleoplankton
Pond Plankton
– Limnoplankton
Lake Plankton
– Rheoplankton or Potamoplanton
running water plankton
– Hypalmyroplankton
Estuarine Plankton
– Halioplankton
Marine Plankton

Conti……….
Dr. M. Samee Mubarik
6.3. Aufwuch/Periphyton
– Periphyton
community developing on the surface of submerged
substrate
– Epilithic
community developing on the surface of rocks or
stone
– Epiphytic
community developing on the surface of plants
– Epizooic
community developing on the surface of shells &
hard part of animals e.g. rotifers & blue green algae
Conti……….
Dr. M. Samee Mubarik
• Benthos
Organisms attached to or resting at bottom or living at
bottome.g. insect larvae, worms, small crustaceans & molluscs
• Neuston
Organisms resting or swimming on the surface of water
e.g. floating algae, macrophytes like duckweed and Insects
(Epineuston: on surface e.g. Hydrometra & Hyponeuston: Beneath
surface e.g. Pupae of Mosquito)
• Nekton
Large animals able to navigate at will e.g. prawn, shrimp,
crabs & fish
• Aquatic plants
filamentous algae & high plants of floating, submerged
& emergent type
Conti……….
Dr. M. Samee Mubarik
 Fish Feeding Types
• Mud Feeders
Ingest finely divided silt at bottom, e.g. Prochilodus sp.
• Detritivores
Ingest detritus, valuable source of nutrients from
decomposed organic particles including micro-organisms e.g.
Cyprinids & Tilapia sp.
• Scavengers
Feed on dead or decay organism e.g. Myxine sp.
• Herbivores
– Grazers: scrape or rasp algae from algae bottom e.g.
Plecostomus
– Browsers: feed on regularly on leaves, stems of higher
plants & filamentous algae e.g. Ctenopharyngodon
– Phytoplanktivores: primarily feed upon phytoplankton e.g.
diatoms
Conti……….
Dr. M. Samee Mubarik
• Carnivores (live animal Prey)
– Zooplanktivores
Feed on zooplankton either pick individually or by gill racks filtration e.g. Engraolis
– Benthivores
Feed on insect larvae, annelid worms, small crustaceans & molluscs
– Aerial Feeders
Feed on flying insect or resting above the water surface e.g. Salmonids &
Toxotes sp.
– Piscivores
Feed exclusively on fish e.g. Nandus sp.
– Cannibilitics
Feed on young ones of their own specie . too e.g. Channa sp.
– Specialized Carnivores (feed but do not kill the host)
I) Parsitic feed on blood of host catfish e.g. Lamrey sp.
II) Scale Eaters feed on plucked scales of fishes (Lepidophagy) e.g. Exodon sp.
III Fin Biters feed on pieces they bite from the fins of other fishes e.g.
Belanophago sp.
• Omnivores
feed on variety of food including plants & animals
Dr. M. Samee Mubarik
 Food and feeding of fish, types of
ingredients used in fish feed
• Food Ingredients
– Fish Meal
– Blood Meal
– Rice Polish
– Maize Glutein (30-60 % CP)
– Soyabean Meal
– Sunflower Meal
– Molluscs
– Insects
etc

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 7. Fish feed composition, preparation and
preservation
• Crude Protein (CP %) Essential AA
• Crude Fat (CF %) Essential FA
• Carbohydrates (Carb %)
• Vitamin
• Mineral
• Energy Value (K.cal)

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 Fish Feed Formulation
• Square Method
• Algorithmic Method
30 % Crude Protein (CP) Fish Supplementary Diet by taking animal and Plant sources (50 /50).
Source of CP % in Diet 1 Diet 2
Ingredients Ingredients
% of CP % taken CP% % of CP % taken CP% in
Ingredients from in Diet Ingredients from Diet
taken Ingredients taken Ingredients
Fish Meal 48 32 32×48/100= 15.36 32 32×48/100= 15.36
Maize Glutein 30 20 20×30/100= 6.0 16 16×30/100= 4.8
CP30/35%
Sunflower Meal 25 20 20×25/100= 5.0 18 18×25/100= 4.5
Soya bean Meal 25 10 10×25/100= 2.5 18 18×25/100= 4.5
Rice Polish 12 12 12×12/100= 1.44 10 10×12/100= 1.2
Vitamin & 0 2 2×0/100= 0 2 2×0/100= 0
Mineral/
Antioxidant/
Flavors/Vaccines
Oil Binders 0 4 4×0/100= 0 4 4×0/100= 0
Total 100 30.30 100 30.36

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 7.Breeding of Cyprinids
• Gender of Fish

• Maturity of Fish

• Egg Laying Capacity

• Breeding Season

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

Reproductive behavior of fish, GSI (G/B)
• Breeding Requirement
– Light (Photo-period)
– Rainfall
– Temperature
– Flow Rate
– pH of water
– EC of water

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 Artificial breeding of Fish
• Reproductive Physiology of fish

• Hypophysation

• Induced Spawning

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 Endocrine Cascade
• Brain releases
messengers
• Pit releases
gonadotropins
• Gonads release
steroids
• Gonad forms gametes

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

Hypophysation of Cyprinids

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 Induced Spawning of Cyprinids
• Brood Stock Management
• Artificial or Natural Spawning
• Egg Stripping
• Egg Fertilization
• Egg enumeration
• Egg Development
• Egg Incubation
• Egg Care

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 Brood Stock
• Def: Parent spawners used for collection of
gametes (Captive or Wild Brooders)
• Natural Environment
• Some are mouth breeder or pond breeder
• Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) or
Pituitary Extract or Ovaprim or Ovatide
(0.5ml/kg)

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 Stripping & Egg Fertilization
Hand/Air Pressure/Surgical Stripping
• Hand Stripping
– Hold a female with vent oriented over a collecting pan
– Eggs will flow out free by gently pressing the abdomen
from anterior to posterior side
– Holding a male & gently pressing the abdomen from
anterior to posterior and spray the milt on eggs
– But first strip away from eggs to eliminate urine
– Add small amount of clean water into pen
– Mix the milt & eggs with the help of hen fur to avoid
rupturing of eggs and provide max. fertilization chances

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 Induced Breeding of Rita rita
(Desi Khagga)

Rita rita Egg Stripping Induced Spawning

Fertilized egg Sperm Collection Embryo

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik
 8. Sources of Fish Seed
Wild Seed Artificial Seed

Source: River Source: Govt./Pvt Hatchery

Seed Quality: Great Seed Quality: Comprised

Seed Diversity: Variety Seed Diversity: Equal

Seed Health: Good Seed Health: Good

Seed Availability: Seasonal Seed Availability: All Year Around

Seed Cost: High Seed Cost: Cheap

Seed Transportation: Difficult Seed Transportation: Easy

Seed Management: None Seed Management: Difficult

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

Development

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 9. Biological means of increasing
production
• Organic Fertilizers
• Integrated Fish Culture
• Polyculture/Composite Culture
• Aquaponics
• Aquaculture

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 Organic fertilizers, their application
and impact on fish and water quality
• Poultry Manure (Poultry dropping)
• Cowdung
• Domestic Waste

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 Inorganic fertilizers and their application
and impact on fish and water quality
• Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3)
• Single Super Phosphate (SSP)
• Triple Super Phosphate (TSP)
• Ammonium Phosphate

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 Pros & Corns of Organic & Inorganic Fertilizer
Organic Fertilizer /Manure Inorganic
• Cheaper Source • Costly

• Easily Available • Seasonal Availability

• Less Toxic • Very Toxic in large quantity

• May have pathogenic agent • No Pathogenicity

• Decomposition • Readily available Nutrients

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik

 10. Maintenance and improvement of pond

• Aquatic Vegetation Control

• Fish Predators
• Pond Structure & Shape
• Liming
• Carrying Capacity
• Stocking Density

Dr. M. Samee Mubarik