CHOOSING AN

APPROPRIATE TOPIC
 TIPS…
• Choose a topic that is close to your
interests and experiences.
• Check availability of materials or resources
on your chosen topic.
• Consider the length of the report and the
length of time needed to complete the
report.
• Find a topic of novelty.
• Consider age level, interest and occupation
of your expected readers.
 Before you start, ask yourself
the following questions:
• What could be the need of the time?
• What field or area am I interested in? Is
it a field of interest other could be
interested in?
• Has the field been explored? Are there
researches/studies already available on
this field of study?
• Will I be able to handle the area
competently?
 Before you start, ask yourself
the following questions:
• What situations surround this field of
study?
• Who are the personalities who have
done something in this particular field?
• What will the result be useful for?
• What is the importance of the particular
field?
 DEFINING AND
NARROWING DOWN
A TOPIC
 Broad Topic:
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

Narrower Topic:
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS OF
STUDENTS

Narrowest Topic:
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS OF THE
ELEMENTARY STUDENTS IN THE
DIVISION OF BACOLOD CITY
STEPS IN TOPIC DEFINITION
AND DELIMINATION

• Define major terms or concepts.

• Focus on one main idea or event.
• Read general articles on the topic to
become familiar with it.
• Ask yourself a series of questions to
delimit the topics.
NARROWING DOWN BROAD TOPICS
The following topics are broad. Narrow down
each topic by providing clear and specific
words to limit each.
• Sanitation • Ecosystem
• Cleanliness • Habitat
• Garbage • Nutrition
• Conservation • Health
• Academic • Youth
Performance • Endangered Species
• Pollution • Teachers
• Natural Resources • Job Satisfaction
• Politics • Computer Games
• Climate Change
 PREPARING A
WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY/
REFERENCE LIST
 REASONS FOR PREPARING A
LIST OF REFERENCES

• Provides the researcher a list of

materials to survey.
• Enables the researcher to learn and
develop comprehensively various
aspects of a chosen topic.
• Helps the researcher limit the research
topic.
USEFULNESS OF THE ‘LIST OF
REFERENCES’ TO THE READER
• Enables the reader to verify the
documentation provided in the
research paper.
• Provides them with a list of further
readings on the subject.
• Enables them to estimate the probable
value of the paper on the bases of the
range, up-to-dateness of the sources
used.
 BASIC INFORMATION NEEDED IN
REFERENCING (BUILDING REFERENCE LIST)

• Author(s)
• Copyright year
• Title (of the book, article, study)
• Title/Name (of journal, newspaper,
magazine, document)
• Publisher
• Place of Publication
• Website
• Date retrieved