CELLULAR

BIOLOGY
DID YOU KNOW THAT…

Egg Cell Sperm Cell

Plasma Membrane Chloroplast

Mitochondria Nucleus
Is the basic structural and
functional unit of all living
things.
HISTORY:
• ROBERT HOOKE (1665)
-used a microscope to examine
a thin slice of cork (dead
plant cell walls).

- coined the term “cellulae”

which was shortened to
CELL.
• MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN (1838) -BOTANIST

All plants are made

of cells!

Onion skin cells

• THEODORE SCHWANN (1838) -ZOOLOGIST
All animals are
made of cells!

Human red blood cells

• RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1855)
All cells came
from pre-
existing cells!
 THE CELL THEORY
-proposed by Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow

1.Cell is the basic functional unit of

an organism.
2.All living things are made up of
cell.
3.Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
2 BROAD CATEGORIES OF CELLS:
1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
No membrane bound With membrane bound
organelles (e.g. Nucleus) organelles & a true Nucleus

Bacteria, Archaea Protist, Fungi, Plants, Animals

Animal Cell

Plant Cell
 PARTS OF THE CELL

• Plasma Membrane
-selectively permeable
- It acts as a barrier between the outside and the
inside of the cell.
• Golgi apparatus/bodies
- a system of stacked, membrane bounded,
flattened sacs involve in modifying, sorting and
packaging macromolecules for secretion or for
delivery to other cells.
• Endoplasmic reticulum
- flattened sheets, sacs and tubes of membrane
that extend throughout the cytoplasm

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:

with attached ribosomes; site of
protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum: no attached ribosomes;
synthesize lipids
• Cytoplasm
- semi-fluid material in which
cell organelles float

• Mitochondria
- powerhouse of the cell
-the energy production site
-energy used to perform cell
activities
• Nucleus
-control center of the cell
-it is where the cell’s chromosome is located

Nuclear Membrane: double

membrane that encloses the
nucleus

Nucleolus: found inside the

nucleus which is responsible
for making ribosomes.
 • Vacuoles
In plants: usually have a large central vacuole which
contains a liquid called cell sap.

In animals: They are small vacuoles which are fluid-filled

space enclosed by a membrane.
• Lysosomes
- membrane bounded vesicles that contains
hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular
digestion
- digests old organelles, bacteria and viruses
• Ribosomes
-factories in cells involved in protein synthesis
• Cell Wall
- surrounds the cell surface membrane
-rigid wall which gives the shape of the plant cell
-protects the cell from injury
-it is made up of cellulose
• Chloroplast
- found only in plant cells
- contains a green pigment
called chlorophyll which is
essential for photosynthesis,
the food making process of
plants.
• Centrioles
- are cylindrical shaped cellular organelles
- important in cell division
• Cytoskeleton
-arrays of protein filaments that form
networks that give the cell its shape and
provide a basis for its movements
Comparing Plant and Animal Cell
Cell Parts Plant Cell Animal Cell
Plasma Membrane Present Present
Golgi bodies Present Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present
Cytoplasm Present Present
Mitochondria Present Present
Nucleus Present Present
Vacuole Present (large) Present (small)
Lysosome Absent Present
Ribosomes Present Present
Cell wall Present Absent
Chloroplast Present Absent
Centrioles Absent Present
Cytoskeleton Present Present