REINHART SAMPAKANG
405150186
LO 1. Anatomi Hepatobilier
Source: Abdominal content in situ. Moore’s Clinically oriented anatomy 6th Edition pg. 369
9 regio & kuadran abdomen
Glukagon
◦ Stimulasi glikogenolisis dan lipolisis
◦ Stimulasi pembentukkan glukosa dari asam lemak dan asam amino
Somatostatin
◦ Menghambat sekresi insulin dan glukagon
◦ Memperlambat absorpsi nutrisi pada GIT
◦ Memperlambat sekresi enzim pada GIT
Polipeptida pankreas
◦ Menghambat sekresi somatostatin
◦ Menghambat kontraksi kandung empedu
◦ Meningkatkan sekresi pancreatic juice
Getah pankreas
Tidak berwarna dan jernih
Mempunyai pH sedikit basa
Pancreatic juice terdiri atas air, garam, bikarbonat dan enzim
(zymogen)
Air dan bicarbonat banyak diproduksi oleh sel-sel duktus
Diproduksi 1-2 L/ hari
Sekresi pancreatic juice distimulasi oleh
◦Sekretin
◦ Terjadi ketika Ph duodenum < 4,5
◦ Stimulasi produksi bikarbonat
◦ Stimulasi hepar untuk sekresi bikarbonat dalam empedu
◦Kolesitokinin
◦ Sebagai respon terhadap protein dan lemak yang tinggi dalam duodenum
◦ Stimulasi produksi enzim-enzim pankreas
◦ Memperkuat aktivitas secretin
◦ Stimulasi kontraksi otot vesica felea
◦ Pembukaan sfinkter oddi
Metabolisme Lemak, Protein, Karbohidrat
Viral hepatitis
◦ Acute hepatitis A
◦ Acute hepatitis B
◦ Acute hepatitis C
◦ Acute hepatitis D – this is a superinfection with the delta-agent in a patient already
infected with hepatitis B
◦ Acute hepatitis E
◦ Chronic viral hepatitis
◦ Other viral hepatitis viruses may exist but their relation to the disease is not firmly
established like the previous ones (hepatitis F, GB virus C, hepatitis X)
Other infectious diseases
◦ Hepatitis: ◦ yellow fever virus infection
◦ cytomegalovirus infection ◦ rubella virus infection
◦ herpesviral: herpes simplex ◦ leptospirosis
infection ◦ Echinococcosis
◦ Toxoplasmosis ◦ Amoebiasis
◦ Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis
◦ Portal hypertension in
schistosomiasis
◦ Liver disease in syphilis
◦ Epstein-Barr virus infection
Other inflammatory diseases ◦ This includes mostly drug-induced
◦ liver abscess hepatotoxicity, (DILI) which may
generate many different patterns over
◦ autoimmune hepatitis
liver disease, including
◦ primary biliary cholangitis (primary
◦ cholestasis
biliary cirrhosis)
◦ necrosis
◦ phlebitis of the portal vein
◦ acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis
◦ granulomatous hepatitis
of different forms,
◦ berylliosis
◦ cirrhosis
◦ sarcoidosis
◦ Effects of Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
◦ nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
◦ other rare disorders like focal
Alcohol nodular hyperplasia, Hepatic
◦ This may cause fatty liver, hepatitis, fibrosis, peliosis hepatis and veno-
fibrosis and sclerosis leading to occlusive disease.
cirrhosis and finally liver failure. ◦ Liver damage is part of Reye's
Toxins syndrome.
Tumours hepatic hemangiomas, hepatic
◦ Malignant neoplasm of liver and adenomas, and focal nodular
intrahepatic bile ducts. The most hyperplasia (FNH).
frequent forms are metastatic
malignant neoplasm of liver) End-stage liver disease
◦ liver cell carcinoma ◦ Chronic liver diseases like chronic
◦ hepatocellular carcinoma hepatitis, chronic alcohol abuse or
◦ hepatoma chronic toxic liver disease may cause
◦ cholangiocarcinoma ◦ liver failure and hepatorenal
syndrome
◦ hepatoblastoma
◦ fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver
◦ angiosarcoma of liver
◦ Cirrhosis may also occur in primary
◦ Kupffer cell sarcoma
biliary cirrhosis. Rarely, cirrhosis is
◦ other sarcomas of liver congenital.
◦ Benign neoplasm of liver include
Metabolic diseases
◦ haemochromatosis Cysts
◦ Wilson's disease ◦ Congenital cystic disease of the liver
◦ Gilbert's syndrome ◦ Cysts caused by Echinococcus
◦ Crigler-Najjar syndrome ◦ Polycystic liver disease
◦ Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Others
◦ Rotor's syndrome
◦ Amyloid degeneration of liver
Vascular disorders
◦ chronic passive congestion of liver
◦ central haemorrhagic necrosis of liver
◦ infarction of liver
◦ peliosis hepatis
◦ veno-occlusive disease
◦ portal hypertension
◦ Budd-Chiari syndrome
Gallbladder and biliary tract diseases
malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder hydrops, perforation, fistula
malignant neoplasm of other parts of biliary cholesterolosis
tract
biliary dyskinesia
extrahepatic bile duct
K83: other diseases of the biliary tract:
ampulla of Vater
cholangitis (including ascending cholangitis and
cholelithiasis primary sclerosing cholangitis)
cholecystitis obstruction, perforation, fistula of biliary tract
others (excluding postcholecystectomy spasm of sphincter of Oddi
syndrome), but including
biliary cyst
other obstructions of the gallbladder (like
strictures) biliary atresia