PHARMACODYNAMIC PHARMACOKINETIC
AKSI/KERJA OBAT
Prodrug adalah suatu senyawa farmakologi (obat) yang
diberikan dalam bentuk tidak aktif . (an inactive
pharmacological substance)
Yang Diinginkan
(Efek Utama)
Desired effect (main effect)
EFEK OBAT
A CHANGE OF FUNCTION,STRUCTURE
OR PROCESS AS A RESULT OF DRUG
Yang Tidak Diinginkan
EFFECT
(Efek Samping)
Undesired effect (side effect)
MEKANISME AKSI OBAT
MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION
Bagaimana obat bekerja hingga timbul efek ???
How drug affect your body ?
NON SPESIFIK
SPESIFIK
Tidak diperantarai oleh interaksi obat-reseptor
(target obat spesifik), didasarkan pada sifat
fisika maupun kimia sederhana obat
Action not via drug-receptor interaction but based on
physical or chemical drug characteristics
SPESIFIK
Target aksi spesifik obat a.l: enzim, kanal ion, transporter
(molekul pembawa), reseptor
Eg: enzyme, ion channel, transporter and receptor
Kebanyakan target aksi terletak pada
membran sel (reseptor membran)
ekstraseluler
(mostly at cell membrane exracellular)
Beberapa target aksi obat terdapat pada
daerah intraseluler reseptor intraseluler,
enzim, nucleus ( some at intracellular like
intracellular receptor, enzyme and nuclei)
INHIBITOR KOMPETITIF
Menghambat kerja enzim dengan menempati sisi aktif enzim sehingga substrat tidak dapat
masuk ( A substance, similar in structure to an enzyme's substrate, that binds to the active
site and inhibits (prevents) a reaction so substrate cant bind to that active site)
Inhibitor ini bersaing dengan substrat untuk berikatan dengan sisi aktif enzim (this inhibitor
competes with the substrate to bind with the active site of enzyme)
Penghambatan ini bersifat reversibel dan dapat dihilangkan dgn menambah konsentrasi
substrat (this is an reversible inhibition and can be omitted by increasing drug
concentration)
As a result, the the inhibitor binds to the active site and remains their, preventing further
reactions.
The enzyme may react with the inhibitor and release the products as it would usually do to
its substrate, thus the inhibitor and substrate compete for the active site.
INHIBITOR KOMPETITIF
Inhibitor non kompetitif : senyawa yg bisa berikatan dgn enzim
shg bisa mengurangi aktivitas enzim, tetapi memiliki tempat
ikatan yg berbeda dgn substrat
Non competitive inhibitors do not compete for the active site with substrate but does
not allow substrate to bind at the active site.
INHIBITOR CAMPURAN
Umumnya mengikat enzim secara kovalen shg
inhibisinya tdk bisa balik kembali
Ex: mustard nitrogen, aldehid,haloalkana,fenilsulfonat
ex:obat-obat antikanker
ANTIMETABOLIT
OBAT-OBAT YG BEKERJA SBG INHIBITOR ENZIM
Nama Obat (drug Target Enzim (enzyme Indikasi Penggunaan
name) target) (indication)
Inhibitor Kompetitiif
Inhibitor
nonkompetitif
etoposide Topoisomerase II Antikanker
Pembukaan dan
penutupan
kanal ion
dapat diatur oleh suatu senyawa
kimia (ligan)
The opening and the closing of
ion channel are regulated by a
chemical substance (ligand)
Pengeblok kanal (channel block)
Mengeblok secara fisik
SIFAT KERJA KANAL ION
Penurunan eksitabilitas sel
Cth : fenitoin mengeblok kanal Na
Secondary transporters
Uniport Symport Antiport
CLASSES
OF A A B A
CARRIER
PROTEINS
B