Sociology and Population

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Society, Culture
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WHAT IS
SOCIOLOGY?
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is the systematic study of social

behavior and human groups. It focuses
primarily on the influence of social
relationships upon people’s attitudes and
behavior and on how societies are
established and change.
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
It deals with families, gangs, business firms,

computer networks, political parties, schools,
religions, and labor unions. It is concerned with
love, poverty, conformity, technology,
discrimination, illness, alienation,
overpopulation and community.
WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY?
To obtain factual information about our

society and different aspects of our social
life.
To understand our society and to analyse
the social factors causing problems.
To learn the application of scientific
methodology.
To enhance broad-mindedness and
tolerance of the ways of the other people.
THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
Charles Wright Mills
 It is the ability to see the relation between our personal

life and the social world.
 It enables us to see things beyond our established ways
of acting and behaving, and gain a better grasp of the
situation by relating oneself to the bigger society.
 It is a set of mind that enables us to locate ourselves in
the period in which we live and study the events in our
personal lives against events in society, thus gaining a
wider freedom.
 It can help us understand what is happening to us and
why such social phenomena occur.
SOCIOLOGY IS A SCIENCE?
Robert Stead
 It deals with human beings and social phenomena.
 It is positive and not normative science because it
studies social phenomena as it is and not as it ought to
be.
 Sociology is an abstract and not a concrete science
because it studies society in general.
 It is a science of generalization and not that of
particularization because it studies a social problem in
general and not in particular way. It is an empirical or
rational science because it tries to follow logical
method of data collection.
SOCIOLOGY
AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES
 Anthropology – is the study of humanity and the

similarities and diversity of culture.
 Psychology – it is mainly interested in a wide range of
mental, psychological, and behavioral processes.
 Economics – concerned with the human activities
related to the production, consumption, and distribution
of goods, services, and wealth within societies.
 Political Science – concerned with the history and theory
of government.
 History – the study of past events of human beings.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
 Auguste Comte (French)

- he coined term “sociology” which derived from
the Latin word socius (social/being with others),
and Greek logos (study/science).
- Father of Sociology
 He believed that in order to improve society the
theoretical science of society should be
developed and a systematic investigation of
behaviour should be carried.
- Positive Philosophy – a book summarizes the
stages of development of all knowledge about
humanity.
 Karl Marx (Germany)

- He wrote Communist Manifesto together with his
life-long friend Friedrich Engels.
- In Marx’s analysis, society was fundamentally
divided between two classes i.e. Bourgeoisie
and Proletariat who have opposite interests.
- he saw the factory as the centre of conflict
between the exploiters (the owners of the
means of production and the exploited (the
workers).
 Emile Durkheim (France)

- He asserted that behavior must be understood in
that larger social context, rather an individual
action.
- Division of Labor in the Society – rapid social change
and specialized division of labor produce strains in
society.
- Suicide – showed the relationship between the
individual and the society when the values of life
become dangerous.
 Max Weber (Germany)

- He believed that understanding human
action by examining the subjective meaning
that people attach to their own behavior
and the behavior of others. The significance
of the subjective perceptions of power,
wealth, ownership, and social prestige, as
well as the objective aspects of these
factors.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN
SOCIOLOGY
Structural – Functionalism Perspective

- It also referred as social system theory, equilibrium
theory, or functionalism.
 The society is composed of interrelated parts, each of
which serves a function and contributes to the overall
stability of the society. Societies develop social structure
or institutions that persist because they play a part in
helping society survive. These institutions include the
family, education, government, religion, and the
economy. If anything adverse happens to one of these
institutions or part are affected and the system no longer
functions properly.
SOCIOLOGY
Conflict Perspective
- A group in society are engaged in a continuous power
struggle for control of scare resources. Conflict may take the
form of politics, litigation, negotiations or family discussions
about financial matter. Simmel, Marx and Weber
contributed significantly to this perspective by focusing on
the inevitability of clashes between social groups. Today,
advocates of the conflict perspective view social
continuous power struggle among competing social group.
 Conflict theorists are primarily concerned with the kinds of
changes that can bring about, whereas functionalists look
for stability and consensus.
SOCIOLOGY
Symbolic Interaction Perspective

- It focuses on the communication aspects or language that
enables the individual to develop a personal identity within
a society with members having scripted statuses and roles.
- It involves the individuals in the society , their definitions or
perceptions of situations, meanings, roles, and interaction
patterns.
- The society is reflected in every socialized individual, and its
external forms an structures are likewise reflected through
the social institutions occurring among individuals at the
symbolic level.
TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN
SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
 Life History – study of personal life of a person.

 Case Study – an extensive examination of a specific
group over a long period of time is carried out. Ex. A case
study of a drug addict, a prostitute, a professional or a
gang.
 Content Analysis – this involves the analysis of how people
communicate and the messages people talk or write
about.
 Use of films and Tape recorder – used to gain more
accurate data such as the visual information and to
preserve in formation.
SOCIETY AND
GROUP
EVOLUTION OF HUMAN
A). Origin of Species (Sir Charles Darwin)

It traced the biological evolution of living
organisms from simple unicellular amoeba to
the most complex multi cellular organism like
human being.
B). Theory of Creation

EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY
A) Hunting and Gathering Society

- It is the oldest and the simplest form of society. It was also
characterized by a small and sparse population and having
a nomadic way of life and a very primitive technology. They
have the most primitive tools such as stone axes, spears and
knives. (e.g. Eskimo tribe)
B) Horticultural Society
- It was associated with the elementary discovery that plants
can be grown from seeds. While herding is common in areas
with poor soil, horticultural is more common as means of
subsistence in regions with fertile soil.(e.g. Masai tribe in
Kenya)
EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY
Agricultural or Feudal Society

- This society introduced the harnessing of animal power.
The mode of production of the hunter gathering society
which produces none of its food, and the horticultural
society which produces food in small gardens rather
than big fields. (e.g. early Egyptian society)
Industrial Society
- This is a society based on the modern scientific
knowledge. (e.g. European modern era)
Post-Industrial Society
- It described the economic and social changes in the
late twentieth century.
SOCIAL GROUPS
SOCIAL GROUP
Society
- It includes the totality of social organizations and the
complex network of interconnected, interdependent,
and overlapping social relationships.
- A large social grouping whose members share the
same geographical territory and are subject to the
political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
- According to Perucci and Knudsen: Society have two
aspects. A) society is external to individual B) The
members perceive society and its experiences as a
constraints upon their lives.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL
GROUPS
 Collection of individuals.
 Interaction among members.
 Mutual awareness.
 “We”-feeling.
 Group unity and solidarity.
 Common interests.
 Group norms.
 Size of the groups.
 Groups are dynamics.
 Stability.
SOCIAL GROUP
Clusters of the Society

 Aggregates – a number of persons cluster but do not
interact with each other. (Example: people standing
in a street corner waiting for a jeepney)
 Social Category – the groups whose members may
never met and do not interact socially, but possess
common identifying status characteristics. (Example:
males, females, infants, adults)
 Collectivity – temporary group like crowds, masses,
public, and social movements interacting with each
other, but the interactions are passing or short-lived.
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
PRIMARY GROUP SECONDARY GROUP
- They are characterized by - They tend to impose the

intimacy, sympathetic patterns of conformity on their
members.
understanding and
friendliness among the - They serve to offset the
prejudices or vested control of
members. the immediate locality.
- The small face-to-face - This may be observed in the
structures, where planning of business, labour,
personalities are fused economic, political and
religious organizations.
into common whole.
GEMEINSCHAFT GESSELSCHAFT
- Close communal - Organized impersonal
relationship or community. relationship or society.
- It is a community of - There is division of labour,
intimate, private, and specialization, functional
exclusive living and dependence, and solidarity
familism. or cohesion are achieved.
- They live and work - The members are guided by
together and share a rational will characterized
common language, by forethought and
traditions, and customs deliberation.
which are not questioned.
IN-GROUP OUT-GROUP
- The individual identifies - It is a group which an
and which gives on her a individual is in
sense of belonging, sufficient contact with
solidarity, camaraderie, as to be aware of its
espirits de corps, and a existence, but he or
protective attitude
she is prone to
towards the other
members. criticize.
- “we are in” - “they are out”
FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS INFORMAL GROUPS

- They are social structures - They are within the
which are deliberately structure of formal
organized for the organizations.
attainment of specific goals - They may introduced new
which meet their most and unofficial goals into
fundamental needs. the group, redefine
- Examples: schools, hospitals, channels of
churches, industrial communications and
establishments, etc. interactions, or create
new procedures to get
job done.
RACE AND ETHNICITY
RACE ETHNICITY
- The classification of humans - The culturally defined
according to physical differences between ethnic
characteristics transmitted at group in the society.
birth to a group of people.
- It involves a sharing of culture
- It is biological concept is and certain culture traits.
determined on the basis of a
group’s blood line.
RACE AND ETHNICITY
Ethnic Group
- It refers to the group with common cultural
backgrounds.
- The theory of “definition of the situation” in ethnic
group relations implies that, what is important is not
the physical characteristics that identify a group but
how such relationship determine the feeling of
belonging to each other.
- The Philippine population is composed of Christian
Malay(91.5%), Muslim Malay (4%), Chinese (1.5%),
and other cultural minorities (3%).
Minority Group RACE AND ETHNICITY
- It refers to the group that is numerically lesser than the rest of the population.
There are in a non-dominant position, whose members possess ethnic,
religious, or linguistic characteristics which distinguish them from the rest of
the population.
- Some features of minority group are:
a. The members suffer various disadvantages at the and of the another
group.
b. They are identified by group characteristics that are socially visible.
c. It is a self-conscious group with a strong sense of “oneness).
CULTURE AND ITS
SOCIETY
CULTURE AND ITS SOCIETY
Culture
- It is that complex whole which includes knowledge belief,
art, law, morals custom and other capabilities and habit
acquired by man as a member of society. (Edward Taylor)
- It is the complex whole that consists of all the ways we think
and do and everything we have as member of society.
(Robert Bierstadt)
- The realm of styles of values of emotional attachments of
intellectual adventures. (MacIver and Page)
 Therefore, culture define as the sum total of behaviour traits
which a person, comes to acquire through instruction and
learning.
FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
 Culture defines situations.

 Culture is the treasury of knowledge.
 Culture provides behaviour patterns.
 Culture defines attitudes, values and
goals.
 Culture models personality.
 Culture decides our careers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
 Culture is learned.
 Culture is transmitted.
 Culture is social and collective.
 Culture is ideational.
 Culture is gratifying.
 Culture is adaptive.
 Culture is an integrated whole.
 Culture is shared.
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
A. Knowledge - the total range of what has been or perceived

as true. It includes:
a) Natural knowledge – the accumulated facts about the
natural world, including both the biological and physical
aspects.
b) Technological knowledge – these are useful in dealing
practical problems.
c) Supernatural knowledge – the perception about the actions
of gods, demons, angels or spirits.
d) Magical knowledge – perceptions about the methods of
influencing supernatural events by manipulating certain laws
of nature.
B. Norms – It pertains to society’s standards of propriety,

morality, ethics and legality. Some examples are: eating,
talking, dressing, cooking, courtship, child rearing,
working, spending leisure time and some special
occasions.
- It was divided into three: folkways, mores and laws.
i. Folkways – are commonly known as the customs,
traditions, and conventions of society.
Example: In the Tagalog areas, people eat three
times a day with merienda in the afternoon.
ii. Mores - norms people consider vital to their well being and
most cherished values; they are special customs with moral and
ethical significance, which are strongly held and emphasized.
Kinds of Mores
1. Positive mores/Duty - it refers to the behavior, which must
and ought to be done because they are ethically and
morally good. E.g. Giving assistance to the poor and needy.
2. Negative mores/Taboo - it refers to societal prohibitions on
certain acts which must not be done because they are not
only illegal, but amoral and unethical. E.g. incest, rape,
cannibalism, murder etc
iii. Laws - these are formalized norms

enacted by people vested with
legitimate authority. They are group
expectations, which have formal
sanction by the state.
Examples: Republic Acts, Revised Penal

Code of the Philippines, statutes and
Batas Pambansa.

C. Ideas, Beliefs and Values

i. Ideas - the non-materials aspects of culture and
embody man’s conception of his physical and cultural
world. E.g. idea of a marriage, an educated person
ii. Beliefs - the person’s conviction about a certain idea, it
embodies people’s perception of reality and includes
the primitive ideas of the universe as well as the
scientist’s empirical view of the world. E.g. spirits, life after
death, superstitions
iii. Values - abstract concept of what is important and
worthwhile. E.g. nationalism, heroism
D. Material Culture - the concrete and tangible objects

produced and used by man to satisfy his varied needs
and wants. It ranges from the pre-historic stone tools
and weapons to sophisticated and modern spaceships
and weapons of mass destruction. E.g. artifacts (simple
man-made tools and objects such as knapped flint,
which presents evidence of an ancient culture).
E. Symbols - refers to an object, gesture, sound, color or
design that represent something “other than itself “. E.g.
Cross for Christianity, Dove for peace.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Cultural Relativism - states that cultures differ, so that a cultural act

trait, act, idea has no meaning or function by itself, but has a
meaning only within its cultural setting.
Culture Shock - the feeling of disbelief, disorganization and frustration
one experiences when he encounters cultural patters or practices
which are different from his.
Ethnocentrism - the tendency to see the behaviors, beliefs, values,
and norms of one’s owns group as the only right way of living and to
judge other by those standards.
Xenocentrism - the idea that what is foreign is best and that one’s
lifestyle, products or ideas are inferior to those others.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Noble Savage Mentality - the evaluation of one’s culture that of others based
on the romantic notion that the culture and way of life of the primitives or
other simple cultures is better, more acceptable, and more orderly.
Subculture - the smaller group which develop norms, values, beliefs and
special languages which make them distinct from the broader society.
Counterculture or contra-culture - the subgroups whose standards come in

conflict with and oppose the conventional standards of the dominant culture.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Culture Lag - the gap between the material and non-

material culture.
Cultural Diversity - the differences and variety of beliefs

practices, values and meanings to each culture universal
by the members of a society or by different cultural group.
Universal Patterns of Culture - the broad areas of social

living found in all societies. The features and elements
common to all cultures rather than to the special culture
traits.
PHILIPPINE VALUES
VALUES
INCONSISTENCY AND CONFLICT
A) Affective – a person’s choice is prized and cherished, and the

person publicly affirms it. (e.g. one’s valuing his/her
professions, but not saying “teacher lang po ako”)
B) Behavioural – if ones values something, he or she shows this in

his or her actions, acts positively about it, and does it habitually.
(e.g. values honestly does not cheat because it is he right
thing to do not because someone is watching)
C) Cognitive – something that one’s values should be chosen

freely from alternatives after careful thought. (e.g. A woman
who decides to marry must have a good reason in doing
so.)
BASIC FILIPINO VALUES
 Emotional closeness and security in a family,

however it tends to make the Filipino a nation of
dependent people.
 Approval from authority and of society.
 Economic and social betterment. This can be
considered a positive value, but negates itself if one
goes to the extent of “selling” oneself and
sacrificing other values.
 Patience, endurance and suffering.
ADOPTED FILIPINO VALUES
 Equal opportunity
 Achievement and success
 Material comfort
 Activity and work
 Practically and efficiency
 Progress
 Science
 Democracy and free enterprise
 Freedom
 Racism and group superiority
KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN
PHILIPPINE WAY OF LIFE
Non-rationalism Rationalism
- States that the people - The belief that one can
have to adapt themselves actively control and
to nature and the forces manipulate his or her
outside themselves. destiny by systematic
planning, studying, and
training.
Personalism Interpersonalism
- It attach to the major - The tendency to eliminate
importance to personal the influence the friendship
factors which guarantees or kinship in working
intimacy, warmth and situation.
security of kinship, and
friendship in getting things
done.
Particularism Universalism
- A person concern’s is - A person’s concern is the
centred on subgroups advancement of the
made up of relatives, collective national good.
friends, colleagues,
- Legal rules
associates, religious
affiliates of his/her ethnical
regional group.
- Ethical rules
Filipino Nationalism
- The advocacy of making ones own nation distinct
and separate from others in the intellectual, social,
cultural, economic, political, and moral matters.
- It is the feeling of oneness among the nationals who
seek to establish the identity and the good of the
nation in these matters.
DEVELOPMENT OF
SELF
Questions:
How does a newly born baby become a human or
social being?
How much our personality determine by our biological

inheritance (nature)?
How much our personality determine by socio-cultural

environment (nurture)?
PERSONALITY AND THE SOCIAL
SELF
Human Development
Nature Nurture
- Biological traits transferred - Influence one’s action
from parents to offspring patterns and motivational
through genes in the skills, factual knowledge,
chromosomes of the sex values and tastes.
are composed of biological
- It is the socio-cultural
structures, psychological
activity in the environment.
process, reflexes, urges,
capacity, intelligence, and
other physical traits.
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Freud’s Theory of Socialization
- According to Sigmund Freud, personality consisted

of the three major systems, namely: the id, ego, and
superego.
A. Id – is the biological component which is the
source of a number of drives and urges.
B. Ego – the mediator between the needs of the
individual and the real world.
C. Superego – the moral arm of the personality,
representing the traditional rules, values and ideals
of the society.
Stages of Development
1) Oral Stage – from birth to one year old. Eating (sucking) is the major
satisfaction of this stage that gives the baby nourishment and pleasure. Freud
described this stage as one primary narcissism or self-love.
2) Anal Stage – from ages one to three years. The anal zone become the
centre of the child’s sexual interest. The influencing factors at this stage is toilet
training.
3) Phallic Stage – between the ages of three to six years. The greatest source
of pleasure comes from the sex organs. The child feels erotic desires towards
the parents of the opposite sex. (Oedipus Complex and Electra Complex)
Stages of Development
4) Latency Stage – from ages six to eleven or early adolescent. Their energies
are redirected into concrete, socially acceptable pursuit such as sports,
games, and intellectual. The child possess new composure and self-control.
5) Genital Stage (Puberty) – they focus on the opposite sex, look around for a
potential love-partner, prepare for marriage and adult responsibilities.
Symbolic Interactionism
- This theory poses that the self-identity is developed

through the social interaction with others, mediated
by language in the process of socialization.
- Language is crucial in the development of social-
self.
- The symbols that constitute a language represent
concepts by which the person engaged in
cooperative activity acquires the attitudes of others
involved in the activity.
Looking-Glass Self
- Charles Horton Cooley

- The ability of children to visualize themselves through
the eyes of others, to imagine how they appear to
others.
- Three Elements of Looking-Glass Self

1.Theimagination of how we appear to other
persons.
2.Theimagination of the judgement of that
appearance.
3.A sort of self-feeling (pride or mortification).
Development of the Self
- George Herbert Mead expanded the idea of

Cooley’s idea of the social-self by relating the idea
of the self-concept to the role taking.
- Stages:
1. Play stage – they acquire a sense of self when they
develop the “me” or self-consciousness by seeing
themselves through the responses.
2. Game stage - they visualize their own action as a
part of a whole pattern of group activity.
Dramaturgical Approach
- Erving Goffman said that “All the world is a stage”

- The individuals are performing and acting for their
audience in everyday life.
- This theory elaborated the idea of role (acting in
accordance with the expected norms attached to
a particular position) and role performance (the
actual conduct of the role in accordance with the
position).
Example: a priest/nun expected to be humble
and compassionate
SOCIALIZATION
DEFINITIONS OF SOCIALIZATION
Socialization
- It is a life long process which enables the individual to learn the content
of her/his culture and the many behavioural patterns of the group to
which s/he belongs.
- It is process by which the helpless infant gradually becomes self aware,
knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of culture into which he or
she is born. (Anthony Giddens)
- It is a learning process of development of habits, attitudes and traits that
differentiate individual from one another. (Anderson and Parker)
PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Stages of Process of Socialization
Imitation - self-conscious assumption of another’s acts or roles.
2. Suggestion – the process of communicating information which has not
logical or self-evident basis.
3. Identification – the child cannot make a difference between his/her
own organism and the environment.
4. Language - It is the medium of social interaction.
AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION
Family
- The family is a permanent, the most complete and

primary institution that looks after the needs of an
individual. It is usually the most influential group in
the child’s life.
- The child comes in contact with human beings
specially the mother and the child has physical and
social contact.
- It serves as a mediator between the individual and
the other agencies of socialization.
- The children learn to cooperate, compete,
accommodate.
Church
- The children are brought to the church by their

parents as early as infancy and are initiated early
into saying their prayers and forming a notion of
God.
- This is the agency where the children learn the
norms of conduct and codes of behaviour set forth
by the church. What s right and wrong are
delineated, and prescriptions of rewards and
punishments established.
- Involvement in such organizations influences the
individual’s outlook and attitudes.
School
- It was considered to be an important formal setting

where the child spends many hours together with
friends and teachers.
- This the first formal agency which exposes the child
to the rules of larger society.
- This agency is responsible for inculcating knowledge
and skills, which prepare them for adulthood and
become productive and effective citizens of the
country, however, many children from poor families
cannot afford higher education.
Peer Group
- Peer group refers to people of almost the same who

share similar interests. The informal grouping of two
or more members, more or less of the same age,
neighbourhood, or school.
- The office norm, or the unwritten rules of behaviour,
is a product of peer socialization.
- This is the only agency of socialization not controlled
primarily by adults.
- They had no definite set of goals except
companionship, thus, values were observed such as
utang na loob, pakikisama, or damay.
Workplace
- Occupation brings about reality in front of the

person as the individual earns for survival to fulfil his
ambition. Personal goals and basic needs are
fulfilled.
- The individual learns to cooperate, adjust with
others at the work place. This were provided in the
form of apprenticeship, orientation sessions, and
training seminars.
- The commitment wherein the work becomes part of
the person’s self-identity.
It refers to all instruments of communication such as television, radio,
-
Mass Media
newspapers, magazines, movies, and records. Media imparts
information through audio visual and print.
- Its function are primarily to inform, entertain, and educate.
- Radio and television programs transmit music and other forms of
entertainment to the viewers.
- To children, television is very appealing, and has a certain extent,
become a substitute for activities like reading or playing, however,
some TV shows are infused with sex, crime, scandals, or gossips.
GENDER SOCIALIZATION
First three word for a new born baby:

“It’s a boy” or “It’s a girl”
 Sex
- Refers to the biological or anatomical differences
between males and females.
 Gender
- The psychological, social, and cultural differences
between males and females.
“Gender socialization begins from the moment that the

baby was born.”
- POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION
The process by which people come to acquire political attitudes and
values. There are four types of political socialization such as;
1. Manifest socialization - the certain values and feelings towards a political
system are directly expressed.
2. Latent manifestation - there is no direct approach to the problems, and
that ideas are transmitted indirectly.
3. Particularistic socialization – the political ideas of individuals are directed
towards a particular value, which they are required to adhere and
appreciate.
4. Universalistic socialization - the political energies are not directed in one
direction, but a liberal outlook is developed.
SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Family
- The simplest form of social institution each members

have its own role in the society. It unites the
individuals into cooperative group to oversee the
bearing and raising of children.
- The family is built on kinship based on blood,
marriage, and adoption.
- It consists of a social structure providing a more or
less stable framework for the performance of
reciprocal roles and of certain functions to make
the relationship enduring..
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on internal organization/membership

A. Nuclear Family
- It is composed of a husband and his wife and their
children in a union recognized by the other members
of the family. A nuclear family classified into two:
1. Family of Orientation (origin) – the family into which
one is born, and where one is reared or socialized.
2. Family of Procreation – the family established through
marriage and consists of a husband, a wife, sons and
a daughter.
Fig. 1.1. Nuclear Family
Family of
Orientation
Family of
Procreation
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
B. Extended Family
- It is composed of two or more nuclear families,
economically and socially related to each other.
- The extensions may be through the parent-child
relationship; where the unmarried and married
children lives with their families live with their parents.
- This type of family emphasizes independent
residence, strong allegiance to the members,
romantic love, and sexual attraction.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based of Structure
A. Conjugal Family
- The spouse and their offspring as of prime
importance and which has a fringe comparatively
unimportant relatives. Marital bond is emphasized.
B. Consanguine Family
- The nucleus of blood relatives as more important than
the spouses. Blood relationships formed during are
emphasized.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Descent
A. Patrilineal
- Descent affiliates a person with a group of relatives
through his or her father.
B. Matrilineal
related through his or her mother.
C. Bilateral
related both to his and her parents.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Residence
A. Patrilocal
- The newly weds are expected to live in the same house
close to the groom’s family and common in rural areas.
- This is consistent with the expectation of society that “a
man must always provide for the needs of his family”.
B. Matrilocal
- The wife brings her husband to her parent’s house. This
is most common when the wife is the only
child/daughter or the last of the offspring to get
married.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Based on Residence
C. Neolocal
Types of Family
- The couple established residence independent and far form their parent’s
residence.
- This is most prevalent in the urban areas and couples are financially
stable.
D. Bilocal
- The couple has the option to live either with the bride’s or groom’s family.
- The couple resorted to this method if they are financially stable.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Based on Authority
A. Patriarchal Family
Types of Family
- It gives the oldest male (husband-male) control over the rest of the
members. This is most dominant in many societies since the biblical times.
- The males speak for the familial group with regard to property
relationship, legal obligations, and criminal offenses.
B. Matriarchal Family
- An extremely rare phenomenon, which is a system where the wife-mother
has the authority and power over husband-father.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
C. Egalitarian Family
- The authority is divided more or less between
husband and wife. This is promoted by the bilateral
system of descent.
D. Matricentric Family
- The father commutes to work and his absence gives
the mother a dominant position in the family, although
the father may also share with the mother in decision-
making.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Functions of the Family
 Regulates sexual behaviour
 Reproduction
 Performs biological maintenance
 Socialization
 Status-placement
 Welfare and protection

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
- Social
The family Change
can be and
a source of social theinstigator
change Family and a recipient as
well.
- More favourable attitude to working women and mothers due to increase
educational and job opportunities, decrease number of children and law
protecting the women’s and children’s rights.
- Changing role structure of the family due to employment of wives,
household chores and child care are shared with spouses.
- Changing in the authority of husbands and father due to wives’ increased
economic independence.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
- Decline of the family’s influence on the individual

member if activities are carried outside the home.
- Industrial system, economic individualism and
employment offers the individual the opportunity to
develop skills, and feel privileged to choose mate
personally.
- More permissive norms and behaviour due to city-
life urbanization where daily process of commuting
an working away from home tends to undercut
family ties.
- Breakdown of consanguineal family as a functional
unit.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
- Dual earner and dual career marriage –provision for

the economic needs of the family is responsibility of
both spouses.
- Mate selection – due to independence we can
now select whom we want to marry.
- Solo parenthood
- Gender role (redefinition of roles)
- Change patterns in child-rearing
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Economy
- It refers to the structuring and functioning of the

development and utilization of human and natural
resources in the production, processing, distribution,
and consumption and material goods and services.
- It can influence habits, skills, knowledge,

expectations, motivations, aspirations, and
ideology.
- It also affects social norms, values, and personal

relationships within the society.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Property – the network of “rights and duties of one person as against all
Sociology of Economy
other persons and groups with respects to some scarce goods”.
 Technology – it consists of knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to
convert available resources into objects people need or want.
 Division of Labour – represent the differentiation of function performed by
the individual member and small groups of the society.
 Organization of Work – concerned with application of sociological principles
to the study of economic structures, changes in these structures, and the
values and ideologies related to them.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
 Types of Economic Systems
Capitalism – it focuses on the right to own private property, to invest it
as capital productive enterprises, and to obtain profits form each
investment.
 Socialism – based on the set political theories that espouses the
collective ownership of the means of productions and distribution of
goods.
 Communism – it is a social, political, and economic system whereby
property is publicly owned.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Function of Economy
1. Provides physical subsistence necessary for group

survival in a society.
2. Generates social changes for the continuity of
society.
3. Maintain a balance with the other social systems
and its social subsystems in the production,
processing, distribution, and consumption of
economic goods and services.
4. Indicates the nature of social stratification in the
society, social class, and mobility differences.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
- It is a universal and widespread phenomenon, a part of the cultural system.
- It is a unified system of beliefs and
Religion
practices relative to sacred things,
uniting into a single, moral community all those who adhere to those beliefs
and practices. (Durkheim)
- According to Edward Taylor (1968), religion came about as people tried to
comprehend occurrences and conditions which they could not
understand or explain.
- According to Anthony Giddens, all religions involves a set of symbols which
arouses feelings of reverence and awe, and are linked to ceremonial rituals
such as church services practiced by a community of believers.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Elements of Religion
1. Beliefs – set of institutionalized beliefs and practices

dealing with the ultimate meaning of life. (e.g.
engkanto)
2. The sacred (reverence) and the profane
(irreverence)
3. Rituals (prayers, songs etc.) and ceremonies
(baptism, wedding etc.)
4. Moral community – the believers of the religions who
shares common beliefs, rituals, and subjective
experiences to heighten up group identification.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Functions of Religion
Functionalist Perspective
 Religion provides explanation the unknown and some
measure of certainty in an unknown world.
 Religion gives meaning and purpose to certain beliefs
and provides people with a perspective for looking at
the world.
 Religion integrates and maintains the fundamental
values form the ultimate values of the Supreme Being
to the subordinate, material, and practical values.
 Religion allays the fears and anxieties of an individual
by reassuring them of the care and protection of their
deity
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
 Religion has an integrative function and is means of
social cohesion or group solidarity.
 Religion performs welfare, education and recreation
functions.
 Religion serves as a means of social control.
 Religion legitimizes the foundation of the society’s
culture and integrates the value system of society.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Social-Conflict Perspective
 Religion is the “opiate of the people”. It can provide
unity for those with the faith, but it can spur conflict
between opposing religious group. (Karl Marx)
Symbolic – Interactionist Perspective

 It focused their attention on micro-level analysis and
examines the meanings and significance of the
teaching, doctrines, and symbols of religions in an
individual’s life. The religious symbols come to the fore
and one gains strength or courage danger and even
death.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Religious Institutions
 Church
- It is a type of religious organization that is well
integrated into the larger society with well
established rules and doctrines.
- A church generally accepts the norms and values
of the society and frequently regards itself as the
guardian of the established social order.
- It identifies with the state and is integrated with the
social, political and educational functions.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Religious Institutions
 Sect
- A highly cohesive group of believers who strictly
adhere to a religious doctrine and reject many
beliefs and practices of the general society and
replace them with beliefs and practices which may
appear strange to the non believer.
 Cult
- It is a religious organization often inspired by a
charismatic leader and largely outside a society’s
cultural tradition. People voluntarily follow a leader
who preaches new beliefs and practices.
SOCIAL INSTITUITONS
Sub-concept about Religion
Folk Catholicism/Folk Protestantism – the beliefs and

practices of indigenous that are woven into Christian
practices. (e.g. anting-anting, mangkukulam etc.)
Split-level Christianity - two or more thought-and-
behaviour system which are inconsistent with each
other coexist within the same person. (e.g. a person
who gets married, prepares an elegant and grant feast
for the occasion, but continue to maintain a querida)
Magic and Faith Healing - mysterious thing and
practices related to supernatural forces beyond the
five senses. (e.g. psychic power)
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Political Institutions
- It is the social arrangements for legislating and

enforcing laws, and providing social services like
education, public health, and welfare, distributing
public funds, collecting taxes, conducting foreign
affairs, and deciding on issues of war and peace.
- It involves the theory, art, and practice of
government.
- They consist of relatively stable cluster of norms,
statuses, and roles that are involved in the
acquisition and exercise of power and decision-
making.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
State and Government
State
- It is organized under a government that exercises
authority over its subjects with the legitimate
monopoly of physical force, to imprison and even
executes members within its jurisdiction. The state
exercises its political authority through governments
at the national, state and local levels.
Government
- It is a complex legal system that has the power and
authority to carry out the functions of the state. The
government consists of the legislature, executive
and judiciary.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
 Basis of Power in Philippine
Voting – right to suffrage (Art. V)
 Politics
Political Counselling – information middlemen in cities were consulted on
political, legal and other technical matters by voters.
 Patronage – straight buying and selling of votes operates with a network
of personalized reciprocity.
 Moulding of public opinion – the efforts to provide more scientific public
opinion polling are done by professional statistical centres.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Power beyond the Law
 People Power – large gathering of unarmed people

united by set of political call.
 Corruption – impedes sustainable development,
robs the children of today of the resources they will
need to survive.
 Terrorism – acts of violence or the threat of violence
employed by an individual or group as a political
strategy.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
It defined as a preparation for effective participation in social relation. It is
the controlled process whereby changesEducation
-
in behaviour are produced in the
person on a group.
- Formal Education – is synonymous with school education. It consists of sets of
definite learning goals and objectives, generally making use of a more
flexible curriculum and more participative teaching methods.
- Informal Education – learning through interaction with others outside in the
group. Ideas and facts are acquired through suggestion, observation,
example, imitation, and inculcations from the family, play group,
neighbourhood, or occupational group.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Functions of Education
 To transmit the cultural heritage.

 To help individuals select social roles and to train
them for the roles they have chosen.
 To integrate into the cultural mainstream the various
sub-cultures and identities
 To serve as source of social and cultural innovation.
 Quality of Education – elementary and secondary students scored bellows
the mean target of 75% based on standardized tests. This scores is low
compared to other countries.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Accessibility of Education – drop-out rate is higher among socio-
economically disadvantage students. Tertiary schools are concentrated in
Key Issues in Philippine Education
the developed areas.
 Government Budget for Education – the Constitution provides that the
highest proportion if the budget should go to education, but this is hardly
applied.
 Mismatch – training and actual jobs are available are not given due
consideration. This result in the unemployment or underemployment of
certificate or degree holders.
 Upgrade the salary of teachers to attract more good students to train as
teachers
 Budget per region is based on participation and unit cost; this system factors
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
favours the more developed regions
 Proposed Reform in Philippine
Expand the scholarship program for poor students in both public and private
tertiary schools

Education
Encourage participation of the business and industry sector in higher
education
 Development of a rationalized apprenticeship program by the private
sector
 K-12 learning education for the us to follow the international standard
SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
- It is perpetuated by the way wealth, power, and

prestige are distributed and passed on from one
generation to the next.
- The presence of the following were observed:
1. Inequality - the unequal distribution of scarce
goods or resources, exists in many different types of
cultures.
2. Social differentiation - how people vary according
to social characteristics.
3. Social stratification - how people are ranked
according to the scarce resources they control.
Class Status
- It defined as the rank or position in a social hierarchy.

The status may be classified as:
i. Ascribed
- Assigned at birth
- Caste system - It represents a rigid form of
stratification based on hereditary status, traditional
occupation and restrictions on social relationships.
i. Achieved
- Earned by performance.
- Class system - It is the classification of people
based on their economic positions in society.
Types of Stratification System
Open Stratification System

- Stratification system in which merit rather
than inheritance (ascribed characteristics)
determines social rank .
- It allows for social change.
- It is reflected in a meritocracy.
- Positions are achieved, not ascribed.
- Characterized by equal opportunity and
high social mobility (movement up or
down a social hierarchy).
Social Rank in Open Stratification System

 Class – the position in an economic hierarchy
occupied by individuals or families with similar
access to, or control over, material resources
(e.g., working class, professional class).
 Class structure - relatively permanent
economic hierarchy comprising different social
classes.
 Socioeconomic status - the person’s general
status within an economic hierarchy, based on
income, education, and occupation.
Closed Stratification System

- Stratification system in which
inheritance rather than merit
determines social rank.
- Little social change possible.
- Reflected in a caste system.
- Positions are ascribed, not
achieved.
- Characterized by little social
mobility.
Social Mobility in Closed Stratification System

- Is the changing one’s social position, occurs in
a variety of ways.
 Upward Mobility -the change to a higher
rank.
 Downward Mobility – the movement to a
lower rank.
 Intergenerational Mobility - the change of
people’s class or status within their own
lifetime experience.
 Intergenerational Mobility - the movement
between generations, usually measured by
comparing the positions of parents and
children.
Gender and Age
 Gender Stratification - women all across the globe

have been accorded inferior position in comparison
to men. Men have had and continue to have more
physical and social power and status than women
in the public sphere. (Sexism)
 Age Stratification - it refers to the social ranking of

individuals at different stages in their lives. There is
unequal distribution of wealth, power and privileges
among people at different stages in the life course.
(Ageism)
DEVIANT
BEHAVIOUR
DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR
Deviant Behaviour
- The behaviour that violates norms.
- It varies in different cultures or in a given culture in a
period of time.
Deviant
- The expression of radical or unusual political or
religious belief.
Deviance
- The function of the pigment of a particular group
who observe the behaviour.
EXPLANATION FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR
Biological
- Being deviant is coming form physical or biological
makeup.
- According to some biologist, said that deviant
behaviour is a result of aberrant genetic traits.
Psychological
- Being deviant is a result of personality disorder or
maladjustment that develops during childhood.
- It can be observe in from aggression against others
or against society because of frustration.
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO DEVIANCE
- According to Durkheim and Merton assert that
deviant behaviour is a consequence of anomie or
normlessness which results from the existence of
diverse sets of norms, with none of them closely
binding upon everybody.
Control Theory
- It asserts that deviance is learned. Participation in
subcultures and counter-cultures is part of the
socialization process of being a deviant.
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO DEVIANCE
Conflict Theory
- The heterogeneous nature of society and the differences in the distribution
of social power lead to a struggle between social classes. The conflict
between the powerful and the weak affect the creation of deviance and
society’s response to it.
Symbolic Interactionism
- As the people interact with a deviant, they acquire the techniques, motives,
drive, and attitudes appropriate to such behaviour. Labelling theory, is also
belong to this perspective explaining on how crime and deviance become
defined and labelled and the effect on a person being so labelled, especially
by official agencies and other persons.
FORMS OF DEVIANT
BEHAVIOUR
 Drug abuse
- The use of drugs, lawful or unlawful, which result in
physical, emotional, social, or behavioural
impairment.
 Crime
- The violation of a norm codified into law and carries
punishment for it. The result of crime is injury to the
individual and the society.
SOCIAL CHANGES
- SOCIAL CHANGE
The alterations in the patterns and regulations regarding social interaction.
- This is manifested in the rise and fall of groups, communities, or institutional
structures and functions, or changes in the statuses and roles of members in
the family, works setting, church, school, government, leisure, and other
subsystems of the social organizations.
- Its dimensions includes the transformation of culture and social institutions
over time.
- The changes in the society involves the comparisons of the past and present
in the hope for improvement, stability, or security in the future.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL
CHANGE
1. It happens everywhere although the rate varies

from place to place.
2. Social change is sometimes intentional but often
unplanned.
3. Social change often generates controversy.
4. Social change are more important than fads and
fashions which only have a passing significance,
like innovations.
SOCIAL CHANGE AND
TECHNLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
There are social patterns which are inked to

industrialization. Peter Berger notes four general
characteristics of modernizations:
1. The decline of small, traditional communities.
2. The expansions of personal choices. People see their
lives as an unending series of options.
3. Increasing social diversity. Traditions loses its hold and
morality becomes a matter of individual attitude.
4. Future orientation and growing awareness of time.
Changes of thinking in terms of sunlight and seasons
to hours and minutes.
LEVEL OF HUMAN ACTION AND
1 : Individual personality – it focuses to externally induced stimuli which are
ST
stimuli abstracted from the social world that CHANGE

is either ignored or considered
relevant.
2nd: Interaction among individuals – this involves not only in the relation
among human beings but also the personality development virtually entirely
from human interaction.
3rd: Group of social systems – explains that the unit of analysis, particularly
the emergent properties of the group where the social level is thought to
reside.
4th: Cultural system – the major emphasis is given by society to the learning
and transmission of values and symbols.
THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Evolutionary Theory - characterized primarily by an assumption of smooth,
cumulative change, often in a linear fashion, and always in the direction of
increasing complexity and adaptability.
Equilibrium Theory - characterized by the concept of homeostasis, and focuses
on conditions tending towards stability as a consequence.
Conflict Theory - characterized by the assumption that change is endemic to
all social organisms, and focuses on conditions that tend towards instability as a
consequence.
Rise and Fall Theory – characterized by the assumption that societies, cultures,
or civilization regress as well as grow, and that all societies do not move in the
same direction.
CAUSES, SOURCES AND
BARRIERS OF SOCIAL CHANGES
- It is the result of cultural change and/or

technological change, and it can influence either
or both. Its rate, direction, and form can be gauged
through the factors of time, place, goals, and
objectives.
- It is caused by the interplay of a large number of
non-social and social factors.
- Some sources of social change are evolution,
discovery, invention, and diffusion. Its order may be
understood in terms of how individuals, groups, or
institutions accept change.
What are the impacts of social change?
SOCIAL
MOVEMENT
SOCIAL MOVEMENT
- It is a type of collectivity composed of people who

share sentiments or grievances who unite to
promote or resist change.
- It is directed toward changing the established
norms, values, or social structures. Somehow, it
challenges the existing social order.
- They are large, sometimes informal, groupings of
individuals or organizations which focus on specific
political or social issues.
- Ideology is an important value of social movement.
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
According to Scope
1. Reform movement – they advocate changing some norms and laws.
(e.g. revisions of laws/norms if is not effective)
2. Radical movement – they dedicate to change the value systems in
a fundamental way. (e.g. monarchy to democracy)
According to Change
1. Innovation movement – they want to introduce/change particular
norms, values, etc. (e.g. changing particular aspects in general way)
2. Conservative movement – they want to preserve existing norms,
values, etc. (e.g. preservation of norms: pagmamano)
According to Targets
1. Group-focus movement – hey focused on affecting group in the society in
general. (e.g. people who are involved specifically in a one perspective)
2. Individual-focused movement – they focused on the affecting individual.
(e.g. religious movement)
According to methods of work
1. Peaceful movements – various movements which use non-violent means
of protest as part of a campaign of non-violent resistance.
2. Violent movements – various movements which resort to violence.
According to Range
1. Global – social movement with global objectives and goals.
2. Local – social movement with local scope.
According to level of support/activity
1. Insiders – often exaggerate the level of support by considering people
supporters whose level of activity/support is weak.
2. Outsiders – those who may tend either underestimate/overestimate
the level of support/activity of elements of a movement, by
including/excluding those that insiders would exclude/include.
SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORIES
 Collective action theories (Robert E. Park) – states that

the behaviour is always driven by group dynamics,
encouraging people to engage in acts they might
consider unthinkable under typical social
circumstances.
 Relative deprivation theory – it emphasize the individual
experience of discontent when being deprived of
something to which one believes to be self to be
entitled.
 Marxist theory/Conflict theory- commonly exist in the
economic functions.
 Value-added/Social strain theory – states that the rapid
social changes came from social movements.
COLLECTIVE
BEHAVIOUR
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR
- The forms of social behaviour bot guided by usual

conventions and involving a transgression of
established institutional patterns and structures.
(Turner and Killian)
- It occurs in stress situations, usually brought by social
changes, and is characterized by a high degree of
emotions.
- It refers to “ways of thinking” feeling, and acting
that develop among a large number of people
which are relatively spontaneous and unstructured.
TYPES OF COLLECTIVE
 Crowd – is a transitory group of BEHAVIOUR
persons in an ambiguous and,
to some degree, unstructured situation in which participants
do not have a clear and pre-existing knowledge of how to
behave, but feel that they can do something to correct the
situation.
Types of Crowd
1. Casual
crowd – loosely organized and very momentary type
of grouping whose member come and go. (e.g. people in a
midnight sale)
2. Conventionalized
crowd – established regular ways of
behaving, depending upon the time and place of
performance and order of activities. (e.g. people in ball
games)
3. Actingcrowd – volatile group of excited person whose
attention is focused on a controversial or provocative issue
which arouses action if not indignation.
TYPES OF COLLECTIVE
BEHAVIOUR
 Mass – composed of desperate individuals, each

responding independently to the same stimulus in a
similar way.
- The mass has no social organization, no
established leader, no structure of statuses and
roles.
- The mass behaviour must be observe in
migration evacuation (refugee), reported sties of
miracles, sensational crime trial, public scandal
or dramatic scandal or Typhoon Yolanda victim.
TYPES OF COLLECTIVE
BEHAVIOUR
 Public – the members are confronted by issues and

they discuss, argue, debate, compromise, and form
composite views.
- The public behaviour can be seen on the issue of
public opinion and through the use of mass
communication (newspaper, radio, television,
motion picture, movie, and internet).
 Social movement (see previous discussion)
THEORIES ON COLLECTIVE
Convergence perspective – according this theory the participants

BEHAVIOUR
have common characteristics such as similarity in social positions based
on income, education, social class, and relative deprivation.
 Emergent perspective – according this theory collective behaviour is

not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and
emotions.
 Smelser’s Value Added Approach –it assess the behaviour involved and
work out some forms of social control.
COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY
- It is a social organization that is territorially localized and

through which its members satisfy most of their daily
needs and deal with most of their common problems.
- A social grouping where members carry on a common
interdependent life and share commodities or bonds.
- It may be classified as rural and urban, in highly
industrialized societies, the distinction between the two
becomes blurred.
- The difference in occupation, population density,
social interaction, social stratification, social
differentiation, and social unity became the criteria.
- Rural community are RURAL COMMUNITY
often small. The occupations of the
people are farming, fishing, forestry, supplemented by
cottage industries.
- Families in rural areas are usually nuclear, consanguineal,
bilateral, and either bilocal or neolocal. A highly incidence
of poverty prevails.
- Education in these areas are not accessible to many pupils
on some barangay. Dropouts rates are higher in the rural
than in urban areas. Many colleges graduates eventually
migrate to the urban areas.
- Majority of the people are Roman Catholic, Aglipayan
(north) Islam (south) but believing in folk catholicism.
Usually fiesta was associated with the religious beliefs and
activity.
RURAL COMMUNITY
- Healthcare in rural community are deplorable, and

a great number of children suffer from severe
malnutrition.
- The government provide services to the rural areas
in the country however, the exist of exploitation and
capitalism come into place that became the
hindrance of development to the said area.
- Today, in order to improve the conditions the
government still have a LOT of project to be done.
- URBAN COMMUNITY
Is where the concentration of the people within a relatively small
geographic area. The urban community may be a city of something
resembling a city, which is a relatively large, dense, and permanent
settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals.
- The occupations are usually non-agriculture.
- In urban community, the idea of urbanization emerged it refers to the
process of concentrating people within a relatively small geographic area.
It is related to social change and growth. It requires a shift in values,
attitudes, and behaviour that are compatible with the local urban patterns
and, therefore, requires a long period of time for a peasants to internalize an
urban life-style.
URBAN SOCIAL PROBLEMS
 Pollution – classified into two namely:

1. Air pollution – mostly form fumes and smoke from
motor vehicles, factories and other industrial
establishments.
2. Water Contamination – results of indiscriminate
dumping of garbage into the creeks, rivers and lakes.
 Garbage – aside from being eyesore, it also serves as
the contributor for floods during rainy days.
 Traffic – result of lack of master plan for the authorities
and lack of discipline among the owner of the vehicles
and people.
DEMOGRAPHY
AND POPULATION
DEMOGRAPHY AND
Population refers to the total number of person inhibiting a country, city
or any district. It also deals with the POPULATION
-
observable and measurable data.
- Demography is the study of the size and make-up of the human
population and how it change. The main sources of demographic data
are:
1. Thepopulation census, with data on age, sex, occupation,
employment status, and migration.
2. Vital registration statistics like birth, death, and marriages.
3. Sample or special surveys on households.
4. Data gathered and processed by government agencies.
MATHUSIAN THEORY OF
Thomas Robert Malthus
POPULATION
- According to his “Essay on the Principle of Population”, because of the
strong attraction between the two sexes, the population could multiply
rapidly and, resulted to increase of reproduction faster than food supply.
- Also, as the population grows bigger, food production would be insufficient
and most likely, famine and overcrowding would cause widespread
suffering and disease and an increase in death rate, which is nature’s
check on over population.
- He suggested that an alternative is to postpone married until a much later
age so that birth rate may be decreased.
MATHUSIAN THEORY OF
POPULATION
Two solutions (Thomas Malthus)

 Positive checks to overpopulation by increasing the death
rate; which include war, famine, pestilence, and disease.
 Preventive checks to prevent overpopulation by limiting the
number of live births; which include abortion, infanticide,
sexual abstinence, delayed marriage, and contraceptive use.
- This theory debated in the form of science and technology

PROCESS IN POPULATION
Fertility

CHANGE
- It is the ability to produce offspring. It indicates the rate at which babies are
born. According to the demographers, women have a potential for
bearing age at age of 15 to 50.
- The fertility rate of a community was affected by some factors such as
weather, environment, religion and societal norms about children and
marriage.
 Life expectancy
- The average number of years a persons is expected to live from time of
birth. It is hard to determine this accurately because local statistics on birth
and death rates are incomplete and inadequate because some data are
not registered.
PROCESS IN POPULATION
CHANGE
 Mortality
- The rate of death in population. A population with
many old people will naturally have a higher death
rate than a comparatively young population. It is
also assumed that because women live longer than
men, a population with many women will have
lower death rate.
 Migration
- The movement of people for permanent residency. It
includes immigration, movement into an area, while
emigration is movement out of an area. This can be
divided into pull and push factors.
HISTORY
POLITICAL
GEOGRAPHY
SCIENCE
Population
Explosion
Explanation
and
Consequence
s
ANTHROPOLOGY SOCIOLOGY
ECONOMICS
Fig. 3. Paradigm of Population in the Philippines and the Social Sciences Discipline
BASIS OF POPULATION
EXPLOTION
Historical
- One of the most important of Spanish colonization in
the Philippines was the propagation of the Roman
Catholic. Since, the church does not favour birth
control. There is a high rate of population growth.
Sociological
- In rural areas, they believe that all events are
predetermined and inevitable and that the happening
that come their way are the results of fate and destiny.
- The men and women feel ashamed to submit in
artificial methods of family planning.
BASIS OF POPULATION
Economic
EXPLOTION
- In rural areas, the perception of some people that children
serves as their economic assets. They think that a big family
is better than a small one because children can earn a
livelihood for the family.
Anthropological
- It assumed that basis of population explotion is the Filipino
values, belief system, customs and traditions. The extended
family expected that the couple to have a number of
children during the marriage.
One is not surprised to hear remarks like, “bakit wala pa?”, if
the pregnancy does not takes place after marriage. The
husband is jokingly branded to be “mahina” if his first child is
not followed by another one year after.
BASIS OF POPULATION
EXPLOTION
Political science
- It is observed that those whose come from high
income groups, most often, come from educated
parents who have limited the number of their
children. On the other hand, the poor with many
children, by and large, do not have taxable
income.
Geography
- The rate of population growth in the rural areas is
significantly higher than that in the urban. (debatable)
MARRIAGE
Why people marry???
Age preference for marriage??

- MARRIAGE
It is the foundation of the family, an inviolable social institutions. This is also
serves as the continuation of the cultural mechanism of the family.
- Sex and sexual attraction is least consideration, but marriage makes a
sexual intercourse legitimate.
Family Code of the Philippines to Marriage
- A special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman
entered into in accordance with the law for the establishment of conjugal
and family life.
- As a contract, it applies to only a man and a woman, it is permanent; the
law prescribed penal and civic sanctions.
- As a status, it is created between parties.
FORMS OF MARRIAGE
 Monogamy - most common and universal forms of

marriage. It is involve the union of a man and a
woman.
 Polygamy - the plural union where an individual is
married to several individuals at the same time. There
are three types: polygyny, polyandry and group
marriage.
 Adoptive - it is transferred from father to son, many
wealthy family would want to preserve their surnames.
 Fictive - It is a union between two women, one old and
one young.
 Second marriage – sororate (sister-in-law) or levirate
marriage (brother-in-law).
FORMAL REQUISITES FOR
MARRIAGE
Philippines
 Authority of the solemnizing officer (judge/priest)
 A valid marriage license (good for 120 days only)
- The legal capacity of the contracting parties who must
be a male and a female, and the consent freely given
by the couple in the presence of the solemnizing
officer.
- The minimum age for marriage is 18 years but parental
consent is necessary for those below 21 years.
- Presently, some changes in the requisites for marriage
has made: a) no license is necessary if the couple has
lived as husband and wife for at least and there is no
legal impediment to their marriage.
PRINCIPLES OF MATE
SELECTION
 Endogamy
- It dictates that one should marry within one’s clan or
ethnic group.
 Exogamy
- The one that marries outside one’s clan or ethnic
group.
 Levirate
- The widows marries the brothers or nearest kin of the
deceased husband.
 Sororate
- The widower marries the sister or the nearest kin of the
deceased wife.
CONCEPT BEYOND
MONOGAMY
 Husband -wife swapping - a formal organization which

handles the activities of the participating members.
Parties are usually held after nine in the evening, when
the children are expected to asleep. NO ONE must
have the same sex partner for two consecutive times.
The anonymity of each member is well-maintain.
 Cohabitation - relationship between single male and
females living together as husband and wife with the
formal marriage.
 Swingers - middle-aged men who finds pleasure in
going into bars and attracting women. They usually
collect women. The opposite for Cougars.
VOID AND VIODABLE
MARRIAGE
 Annulment
- The process which makes the marriage contract null
and void, in which case, the law sees that no
marriage has taken place. The New Family Code
recognizes the annulment of marriage bond where
the parties are free to marry again without fear of
violating any law.
- The grounds for annulment are lack of parental
consent of a minor before the marriage, insanity of
one party, fraud, force, intimidation or undue
influence, impotence of one party, and serious
sexually transmissible disease of the either party.
VOID AND VIODABLE
MARRIAGE
 Divorce
 Legal separation
- This is a judicial declaration when the separation of
husband and wife merely entitles the spouse to live
separately (in house or in bed), but not dissolving
the marriage.
VOID AND VIODABLE
Grounds for Legal Separation
1. Adultery/Concubinage
MARRIAGE
2. Attempt by one spouse against the life of the other.
3. Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed
against petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner.
4. Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to
change religious or political affiliation.
5. Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner.
6. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondents.
7. Final court judgement sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of
more than 6 years, even if pardoned.
8. Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondents.
9. Sexual infidelity or perversion.
10. Abandonment of the petitioner by respondent without a justifiable
cause for more than one year.
PARENTHOOD
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATION OF THE PARENTS
Child and Welfare Code of the Philippines (PD No. 603)
Primary Rights of the Parent – the parents shall have the rights to the company
of their children and, in relation to all other persons or institutions dealing with
the child’s development, the primary right and obligation to provide for the
upbringing.
Right under the Civil Code – parent shall continue to exercise the rights
mentioned in the Article 316 to 326 of the Civil Code over the person and
property of the child.
Right to Discipline Child – parents have the right to discipline the child as may
be necessary for the formation of his good character, and may therefor
require from him obedience to just and reasonable rules, suggestions and
admonitions.
1. PARENTAL
To give him RESPONSIBILITIES
affection, companionship and understanding.
2. To extend to him the benefits of moral guidance, self-
discipline and religious instruction.
3. To supervise his activities, including his recreation.
4. To inculcate in him the value of industry, thrift and self-
reliance.
5. To stimulate his interest in civic affairs, teach him duties of
citizenship, and develop his commitment to his country.
6. To advice him properly on any matter affecting his
development and well-being.
7. To provide him with adequate support.
8. To administer his property, according to his best interest.
FAMILY PLANNING
- FAMILY PLANNING
This is a concept of enhancing the quality of life of every member of the
family through the use of family planning methods to regulate the number
of the children.
- It reduces the need for unsafe abortion.
- Some family planning methods help prevents the transmission of HIV and
other sexually transmitted infections.
- It reinforces people’s rights to determine the number and spacing of their
children.
- It allows people to attain their desired number of children and determine
the spacing of pregnancies. It is achieved through use of contraceptive
methods and the treatment of infertility.
BENEFITS OF FAMILY PLANNING
 Preventing pregnancy-related health risks in

women.
 Reducing infant mortality.
 Help to prevent HIV/AIDS.
 Empowering people and enhancing education.
 Reducing adolescent/pre-marital pregnancies.
 Slowing population.
Note: Benefits of family planning was not only for the

society but also for individual health.
METHODS OF FAMILY
PLANNING
Natural family planning

- The natural way of avoiding pregnancy by
observing, recording, and interpreting changes in
the cervical mucus or basal body temperature in
order to determine the safe and unsafe days of
menstrual cycle.
- The couple prevents pregnancy by avoiding
unprotected vaginal sex during most fertile days,
usually by abstaining or by using condoms.
- There should be an observation of few cycles which
is necessary before effective practice of method.
METHODS OF FAMILY
PLANNING
Calendar rhythm
- The use of calculations to determine safe and unsafe
days of the menstrual cycle, based on past cycles.
- This method is recommended for women with regular
menstrual cycles ad who feel themselves capable of
following the requirements of method and for women
who cannot use artificial contraceptive.
Coitus interruptus (Withdrawal)
- The male withdraws his penis from his partner's vagina,
and ejaculates outside the vagina, keeping semen
away from her external genitalia.
Calendar Method
Cervical Mucus
METHODS OF FAMILY
PLANNING
Tubal ligation
- This is don by cutting-off the fallopian tube to block
completely the passage of ovum and prevent it from
meeting the sperm.
Vasectomy
- This requires a simple operation by cutting-off the vas
deference so that the sperm will not entre the semen
that is discharged.
Note: Minor discomfort is experienced by the

acceptor, who need to rest from work for two
to three days after the operation.
Tubal Ligation
Vasectomy
METHODS OF FAMILY
PLANNING
Intrauterine device (IUD)

- A small, soft plastic device that is inserted into the
uterus. It can be placed or removed by trained
personnel only. The acceptors may experience
minor discomfort after insertion and the possibility its
being expelled.
Pills/Oral contraceptive
- It is a combination of synthetic hormones. It is
intended for women 19 to 34 years old who desire
to space child-bearing. It may be inconvenient
since the pills is taken daily
IUD’s
Pills
METHODS OF FAMILY
PLANNING
Injectable Contraceptive
- This is administered by one-dose injectable
contraceptive containing progesterone and
injected every three months. This is intended for
women 18-40 years old who wish to space or limit
child-bearing. It gives women freedom from
menstruation an the associated blood loss.
however, one advantages of this method may be
vaginal spotting even before the regular menstrual
period.
METHODS OF FAMILY
Implants
PLANNING
- It is a small, flexible rods or capsules placed under the skin of the upper arm;
contains progesterone hormone only. Only the health-care provider must
insert and remove this product. It can be used for 3–5 years depending on
implant. Like injectable irregular vaginal bleeding is common but not
harmful.
Condom
- It is a soft and thin rubber sheath worn on the erect penis before sexual
intercourse to prevent the sperm. It gives protection against the transmission
of sexually transmitted diseases. However, this may cause inconvenience to
users, since they have to interrupt love-making in order to put it on.
Implants
Condom
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
AND ISSUES
DIMENSIONS AND ORIGIN OF
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
- It may be inferred that no society succeeds in

getting all its people to behave as expected all the
time because all societies have social problems.
- A social problems exist when a significant number of
people perceive an undesirable difference
between social ideals and social realities.
- In addition, a social problem involves the deviance
among in the society and natural events such as
earthquake, typhoons, eruption of volcano, floods,
famine and epidemics that greatly affects the
human lives in the society.
- POVERTY
It is a condition that exist when people lack the means to satisfy their
basic needs. Extreme poverty is the main cause of malnutrition and
poor health.
- Sociologically, it defines as “denial of choices and opportunities for
living a tolerable life”. It is considered as the symptom of a social
cancer.
- It is associated to criminality, breakdown of morals and socially
accepted behaviour, low educational attainment, low property
values and poor life changes.
- It has also devastating effects in the families, often forcing parents to
abandon children to seek employment in their countries, not aware of
the social costs.
CAUSES OF POVERTY
 Colonial mentality
 Dependence of Philippine economy on foreign
capital and investment
 Capitalism and exploitation
 Cheap labour
 Graft and corruption
 Overpopulation
 Unemployment and underemployment
 Low and limited educational attainment and
illiteracy
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Culture of poverty theory

- It is the result of cash and economy, labour wage
and production for profit, high rate of employment
and underemployment of unskilled labour, low
wages and inadequate social and economic
organizations to serve the low-income bracket of
population.
- It observed that poor members of the society are
less permissive in socializing with other children,
more fatalistic about one’s views in life, lack an
interest in formal education, and usually pleasure-
oriented.
Dependency theory THEORIES OF POVERTY
- accordingly, poverty in underdeveloped society has been the result
of a colonial socio-economic structure. The growing of poverty
among the underdeveloped countries is due to the forced
incorporation of the economy of the developed countries.
- The massive exodus of money from underdeveloped regions of the
world also intensifies the destruction of natural resources.
- This apparent dependency of underdeveloped countries to the
highly developed countries has led to the increasing impoverishment
of the dependent country.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Social Darwinist Theory

- It assumes that the assets that economic survival of
any society depends, to a large extent, on the
individuals endowed with superior intelligence that
will plan, control, regulate and lead its
development.
- It also reveals that the upper and middle class
students who can speak and understand the English
language have better chances of passing the
prescribed examinations for job hunting.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Theory of Capitalism
- The continuous exploitation of poverty of the people
to accumulate huge profits. The poor are always
sacrificed the price of technological development.
- This theory proposed by Karl Marx which reveals the
relationship and conflict between the exploiters and
exploiter. These relationships had been the entire
system of economic, social and political
involvement, which has virtually been established to
maintain the power and dominate of the owners
over the workers.
FACES OF POVERTY
 Shanties under the bridge

 Brain-drain syndrome
 Criminals
 Prostitutions
 Malnutrition
 Increase of mortality rate
 Rapid growth of population
- This is according to the speech of former President Gloria

Macapagal-Arroyo during the UN Congress in New York
City, last 2009.
STRATEGIES TO REDUCE
POVERTY
1. Equitable and sustained economic growth.

2. Focused targeting
3. Effective
and efficient delivery of public goods and
base social services.
4. People empowerment
5. Long-term solution to the problems of hunger.
6. Developed literacy programs.
7. Expand employment opportunity.
“Don’t give them fish, instead teach them

how to catch a fish”
CRIME
- The problem of juvenile delinquency and crime

apart to be common in all societies. Some of the
major causes of juvenile delinquency and crime are
social disorganization, poverty and broken homes.
- The Child and Youth Welfare Code explicitly defines
the youth offender as “one who is over nine years
but under twenty-one years of age at the time of
the commission of the offense”. A child which is
nine years old or under when the offense was
committed shall be exempt from criminal liability
and shall be placed in the custody of the parents, or
the nearest relative, or the family friend, in the
discretion of the court and subject to its supervision.
CAUSES OF JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY
1. Social Organization – the desire for power, wealth

and prestige, the atmosphere where fear, hate,
antagonism and hostility are prevalent are elegant
manifestation of social or disorganization.
2. Poverty – exist when the people didn’t satisfy
his/her basic needs.
3. Broken Home – the separation of husband and
wife brought about by war, migration,
imprisonment, employment outside the country,
marital discord, bickering, infidelity, and lack of
trust that consequently lead to legal separation.
PREVENTION OF JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY
Individual Programs
 Individual Behaviour Therapy – aims to modify the
behaviour of the delinquent by changing the
environment in which the behaviour occurs.
Social Skills Training
- It focused on micro-skills, such as eye contact and
body postures; macro skills, such as negotiating with
and handling encounters with the police authority;
and institutional behaviour, such as avoiding fights
and other forms of brawls.
DELINQUENCY
Cognitive Behaviour Programs

 Self-control and self-instruction
 Anger control
Role Taking
- The program designed to encourage young male
delinquents to see themselves from the perceptive of
other people to develop their own role-taking activities.
Social Problem-solving
- It includes the skills of sensibility to interpersonal problems,
the ability to choose the desired outcome of a social
exchange (means-end thinking).
DELINQUENCY
Moral Reasoning Development

- It increase the morality belief of the young
delinquent.
Multimodal Programs
- The program will improve the self-control, and
reduced problem behaviour.
Institutional and Community Program
- This program includes; secure institutions, residential
establishment, school-based intervention, family
intervention and diversionary projects.
-
and purchase of sexual relations.
PROSTITUTIONS
Prostitution as a social problem is considered as old as mankind. It is the sale
- This is the act or practice of engaging in sexual relations in consideration for

money.
- There can be homosexual favours to women; but it is the sale of female
sexually to men that have usually been the predominant pattern and, to a
great extent, has given rise to the greatest social concern.
- Also, there is an misleading view of prostitutions as being something “done
by” prostitutes while ignoring the casual significance of male demand for
their services, is itself indicative of the sexual double standard on which
phenomenon of prostitutions rests.
TYPES OF PROSTITUTIONS
Female Prostitutes – they are usually seen in bar or street

and sometimes calls as “street walkers” or “hookers”. In
some cases, there were a called as high class prostitutes
known as the “escort girls” and “guest relation officers”,
sometime they are working as sauna attendants, night
club hostesses, hospitality girls, escorts and models.
Male Prostitutes – prostitutes that cater principally to
homosexual males.
They can be seen roaming around in conspicuous places
with no apparent purpose like department stores,
shopping malls, lobbies, and even hotels and gay bars
where homosexuals act as masseurs and escorts.
TYPES OF PROSTITUTIONS
Child Prostitution
- This common to some foreign tourists coming from
different countries and want to experience what our
country can offer. The issue of pedophilia surprising
nowadays, since we have always read the “fresh
victim” of prostitutions.
- It assumes that broken homes can make people shy
way from normal adult heterosexual relationship
since children are less threatening and more passive
sex partners.
- I may also inferred that when the child prostitute
grows up, he/she likely to become a pedophile.
Poverty CAUSES OF PROSTITUTIONS
- Being hopeful of a better life, so they sacrifice
everything in exchange of money.
Illegal recruitment
- Sometimes young people from rural areas are the
target of illegal recruitment, a promise of better job
and better life makes them involve in prostitution
without knowing than they were became one.
Lack of education and information
- The promise of a good-paying job, aside from other
benefits like free board and lodging, beautiful dresses
and expensive jewelry become the motivating factors
why they are trapped into the illicit trade.
Why prostitutes stay in their
For a better life until they meet someone who is willing take them out of this
job. job?
1.
2. Enjoyment; they find it easy, glamorous and less demanding.

3. Maintenance of fabulous life.
4. Income higher than housemaids.
5. They were forced to this kind of job because of extreme poverty.
6. No available jobs for survival.
7. Broken homes.
8. Being loners during adolescence.
EFFECTS OF PROSTITUTION
1. Promotes and facilitates the spread of sexually

transmitted diseases.
2. Health problems among prostitutes.
3. Drug addiction that lead to commit crimes.
4. It violates the monogamy which is sharing of sex with
only one partner.
5. Psychological demanding and adventurous to their
partners for satisfaction.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)
- This is a human viral disease that ravages the immune
system, undermining the body’s capacity to defend itself
against certain microbial organisms.
- It is cause by infection with the human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), which attacks selected cells in the immune
system and produce defects functions.
- This leads to so-called neuropsychiatric abnormalities, or
psychological disturbances caused by physical damage
to nerve cells.
- Historically, the disease first identified in 1980 among
homosexual men and injection drug users in New York and
California, shortly after evidence grew of epidemics in
Saharan-Africa and Haiti.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)
- AIDS has become worldwide. By 1995, 477, 900 Americans had
developed the disease which 295, 500 had died and worldwide
more than 14 million people were believed to be infected.
- In 1996, an estimated 22.6 million people worldwide were living
with HIV/AIDS (21.8million adults and 830, 000 children).
- The WHO estimate that between 1981, when the first AIDS cases
were reported, and the end of 1996,more than 8.4million adults
and children had developed AIDS.
- There were 6.4million death worldwide from AIDS/HIV, about 360,
000 of these deaths occurred in the United States.
- In 1984, there are 961 Filipinos infected with this dreadful virus.
- It also noted that 22 percent of the HIV positive were former
OFW.
- The Nature of the Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an RNA retrovirus. It has dense
cylindrical core that encase two molecules of viral RNA genetic material. A
spherical outer envelop surrounds the core.
- It possesses a special enzyme, called reverse transcriptase, that is bale to
make a DNA copy of the viral RNA. This enable the virus to reverse the
normal flow of generic information and to incorporate its viral genes into the
genetic material of its host.
- The virus may then remain in a latent from for a variable and often lengthy
period of time until it is reactivated. The mechanisms and triggers of the
activation process is important to the efforts being, made to control HIV
infection.
Modes of Transmission
Note: Isolated HIV from a number of body fluids, including blood, semen,
saliva, tears, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk, and cervical and
vaginal secretions.
Sexual intercourse, whether vaginal or anal, with an infected individual.
- homosexual or heterosexual transmission

Exposure to infected blood or blood products.
- blood transfusions
Infected mother to her child before or during birth.
- during childbirth or through breast feeding, although

some uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers
have an incidence of heart problems 12 times that of
children in the general population.
FACT or MYTH
Is the HIV can transmit through the air?
Is the HIV can transmit through casual contact?
Is the HIV can transmit through kissing?
Is the HIV can transmit though insect bite?

Signs and Symptoms of AIDS
 Fever  Severe skin infection

 Rashes  Cough for more than a
 Meningitis month
 Pneumonia  Tuberculosis
 Weight loss  Tumours in the immune
 Anemia system (lymphomas)
 Diarrhea  Variety of neurologic
disorders (dementia
 Anorexia complex)
 Ulcers
 Enlarged lymph nodes
 Prevention
Educating and
the public. Control of AIDS
 Heterosexual person must avoid living a promiscuous life.
 Women found to be infected with the virus should refrain
from sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy.
 Screening blood donors and mandatory testing of donated
blood in blood banks, hospitals, and medical clinics.
 Avoid sharing of needles and syringes.
 Using condoms correctly and consistently during sexual
intercourse.
 Avoid sexual contact with persons known or suspected to
have AIDS.
 Have a regular medical check-up.
Safety Measures against HIV
Advantages of being tested:

 The infected individual can receive early treatment
and may live longer.
 He/she can develop a good emotional support system
in the early stages of the disease.
 He/she can inform his/her sex partner about his/her
infection.
 He/she abstain from sexual intercourse with his/her
partner, or they can use protection.
 He/she can avoid sharing items that come in contact
with blood such as razors, tweezers, needles, and
syringes.
Safety Measures against HIV
Psychological and socio-logical disadvantages:
 A person found to be infected with HIV can be very depressing and
distressing.
 The cultural and religious attitudes towards illness and death on the
infected person.
 The feeling of uncertainty, fear, grief, depression, denial and anxiety will
certainly affect his adjustment to his environment.
 The feeling and fear of being discrimination against and being ostracized
by the people around him.
 The family will likely suffer from the consequence of the HIV.
Socio-cultural Factors
 Associated
The presence withcommercial
of the thriving the Spread of
sex industries.
 The frequent visit of a big number of the Virusas tourist in our
foreigners
country who might potential carriers of the disease.
 The growing promiscuity of some Filipino males and widespread
experimental sexual escapades of young adults.
 Widespread poverty, migration and social interest for a better
life.
 The inadequacy of public information campaign about the virus.
 The seemingly declining set of moral value and the cherished
tradition about chastity in the Filipino family.
 The lack of political will on the part of the government to control
and eradicate commercial sex industries in the country.
Treatment
 Effective drug treatment (it provides clinical benefit and

prolonged survival for individuals).
 Medical supervisions and required therapies.
 Gene therapy – an alteration of genes on the infected person
to help prevent the virus from spreading uninfected cells, but
still NOT available worldwide.
Types:
1. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
2. non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
3. protease inhibitors
Sexually Transmitted Disease
(STD)
- This refers to the infection through transmission with a

person who is infected with the disease through
intimate contact with another person.
- The most common type includes syphillis, gonorrhea,
trichmomas, genital warts, genital herpes,
lymphogranuloma venereum, grauloma inguinale,
condyloma acuminatum, and hepatitis B.
- Some symptoms of STD are: abnormal excretion
during urination discharge, pain on abdominal/groin
area, pain during sex, genital rashes or sore.
However, there were difference in the symptoms
among male and female.
To have and to hold...to love and to cherish…for better
and for worst…till death do us part
- Battered Women
A battered woman is a person who suffers not only physical or verbal pain
inflicted on her by her partner but also deep psychological and emotional
effect of the abuse.
- In the Philippines, married women between the age of 17-24, 17.3% are
battered while 48% belong to the 25-35 age group suffer emotional and
physical violence.
- Although there were a signs of progress and equal rights advocacy, “the
women have remained basically inferior and subordinate to men”.
- According to Women Crises Centre (WCC), predominant Christian
religious beliefs have helped maintain a sexiest attitude towards women
that keep them passive and submissive to men.
Physical Forms of Battering
- It consists of a single, manual act or a series of different act, or a
combination of assault with the use of weapons. Specific methods include
slapping, kicking even if she was pregnant, strangling and shoving her on
the floor, banging her he head against the wall, throwing hard objects,
pouring boiling water, poking the eyes, burning with cigarette, hitting with a
gun, and forcibly injecting a drugs.
Psychological
- It consists of various threats, intimidation and sorts of verbal abuse. These
include threat to kill, abandonment, use of degrading words, public
humiliation, openly siding with the relatives against her, forcing to have children
abortion, and withdrawing abortion.
Sexual Forms of Battering
- It includes demanding sex regardless of her condition, forcing her to
perform an unacceptable sex act, forcing her to watch pornographic
materials video shows, catching him performing sex with another
woman in their own house and forcing her and his mistress to live and
sleep with him together.
Economic
- It includes denial or withdrawal of financial support or prohibiting her
handling money, husband’s total control over conjugal financial
resources, even controlling the woman’s earning and using the household
money for gambling, drinking or drugs.
Why Women Stay in Abusive
Relationship?
 Dependency on financial support and emotional

bonds including the sake of their children.
 The abused fall in love with the soft side of the abuser,
 The abused person still believed that the behaviour will
change eventually.
 Fear and to avoid social stigma of being separated.
Note: Read the poem “I Got Flowers Today” by

Paulette Kelly and reflect on it. :-)
A Potential Women Beater
 He hurts you on purpose.

 He has a scary temper.
 He puts you down.
 He cuts off from your friends.
 He swings back and forth form sweet to mean, then
back.
 He blames you for his anger.
 He panics at the idea of breaking up.
 He encourages you not to enjoy life.
 He checks upon you.
 He calls you names.
Unemployment and
Unemployment is the condition where one who is able and willing to work
dies not have a job, while,Underemployment
-
underemployment was characterized by workers
whose educational qualifications, training, experience and skills do not
match the nature of the job they do.
- The unemployment condition in the Philippines has increased an alarming
rate; and afflicts the lives of many people.
- Since, unemployment is an important part of our life in order to survive, to
be unemployed is to be out of the cultural and social mainstream.
- Unemployment and underemployment in the country main result to the
sacrifice of the Filipino to work outside the country.
Types of Unemployment
Frictional Unemployment
- The members of the labour force search for jobs that best suit their skills
and preferences.
Structural Unemployment
- This is the results from shifts in the pattern of demands for goods and
services or changes in technology, that preferably requires a hiring of
workers who fits for the position.
Cyclical Unemployment
- This type of unemployment results form the recession and economic fails
in the country.
Technological Unemployment
- It is cause by the advancement of science and technology and
eventually some member of the labour force who didn’t possess the
skills will lose their job.
Seasonal Unemployment
- It results from the reduction in demands for labour either by climatic or
seasonal change.
Other Social Problems and Issues
 Family, Legal Separation, and Broken Homes

 Unwed mothers and illegitimate child
 Abortion
 Malnutrition
 Street-children and Child labour/abuse
 Sexual harassment, Pedophilia and Incest
 Gambling
 Squatting
 Floods
 Human Trafficking
 Peace and Order
REFERENCES
ANDERSEN, MARGARET L. 2003. SOCIOLOGY – THE ESSENTIAL. SECOND
EDITION. THOMSON LEARNING INCORPORATED, USA.
HENSLIN, JAMES M. 2009. SOCIOLOGY: A DOWN-TO-EARTH APPROACH.
PEARSON EDUCATION INCORPORATED. USA.
MACIONIS, JOHN J. 2010. SOCIOLOGY. THIRTEENTH EDITION. PEARSON
EDUCATION SOUTH ASIA PTE. SINGAPORE.
PANOPIO, ISABEL ET.AL. 2004. SOCIOLOGY: FOCUS ON THE PHILIPPINES.
FOURTH EDITION. KEN INCORPORATED. QUEZON CITY.
PALISPIS, EPITACIO. 2007. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY AND
ANTHROPOLOGY. REX PRINTING COMPANY INCORPORATED, QUEZON
CITY.
SULLIVA, THOMAS J. 2004. SOCIOLOGY: CONCEPT AND APPLICATION IN A
DIVERSE WORLD. PEARSON EDUCATION INCORPORATED.
THIO, ALEX. 1998. SOCIOLOGY. FIFTH EDITION. ADDISON-WESLEY
EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS INCORPORATED, USA.
ZULUETA, FRANCISCO M. ET.AL. 2006. SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN
THE PHILIPPINES. REVISED EDITION. NATIONAL BOOK STORE.
MANDALUYONG CITY.

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MS. JESSEL L. LUSANTA

 MIDTERM AND FINALS

Sociology is the systematic study of social

It deals with families, gangs, business firms,

To obtain factual information about our

 It is the ability to see the relation between our personal

 Anthropology – is the study of humanity and the

 Auguste Comte (French)

 Karl Marx (Germany)

 Emile Durkheim (France)

 Max Weber (Germany)

Structural – Functionalism Perspective

Symbolic Interaction Perspective

 Life History – study of personal life of a person.

A). Origin of Species (Sir Charles Darwin)

B). Theory of Creation

A) Hunting and Gathering Society

Agricultural or Feudal Society

Clusters of the Society

PRIMARY GROUP SECONDARY GROUP

- They are characterized by - They tend to impose the

FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS INFORMAL GROUPS

 Culture defines situations.

A. Knowledge - the total range of what has been or perceived

B. Norms – It pertains to society’s standards of propriety,

iii. Laws - these are formalized norms

Examples: Republic Acts, Revised Penal

C. Ideas, Beliefs and Values

D. Material Culture - the concrete and tangible objects

Cultural Relativism - states that cultures differ, so that a cultural act

Counterculture or contra-culture - the subgroups whose standards come in

Culture Lag - the gap between the material and non-

Cultural Diversity - the differences and variety of beliefs

Universal Patterns of Culture - the broad areas of social

A) Affective – a person’s choice is prized and cherished, and the

B) Behavioural – if ones values something, he or she shows this in

C) Cognitive – something that one’s values should be chosen

 Emotional closeness and security in a family,

How much our personality determine by our biological

How much our personality determine by socio-cultural

- According to Sigmund Freud, personality consisted

- This theory poses that the self-identity is developed

- Charles Horton Cooley

- Three Elements of Looking-Glass Self

- George Herbert Mead expanded the idea of

- Erving Goffman said that “All the world is a stage”

- The family is a permanent, the most complete and

- The children are brought to the church by their

- It was considered to be an important formal setting

- Peer group refers to people of almost the same who

- Occupation brings about reality in front of the

First three word for a new born baby:

“Gender socialization begins from the moment that the

- The simplest form of social institution each members

Based on internal organization/membership

 Regulates sexual behaviour

 Performs biological maintenance

 Welfare and protection

- Decline of the family’s influence on the individual

- Dual earner and dual career marriage –provision for

- It refers to the structuring and functioning of the

- It can influence habits, skills, knowledge,