Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

A. BASIC ETHICS:
membahas dasar-dasar etika
secara umum sbg landasan
guna menyelesaikan isu-isu etik
terkait bidang-bidang spesifik.

B. APPLIED ETHICS:
membahas aplikasi basic ethics kedalam bidang spesifik
kehidupan, a.l.:
o Professional Ethics;
o Clinical Ethics;
o Bioethics;
o Research Ethics;
o Public Health Ethics; etc.
- Callahan -
“Disiplin ilmu yang membantu pakar medis dalam pengambilan
keputusan yang baik dan benar dari tinjauan sosiologis,
psikologis dan sejarah”

-Varga -
“Moralitas perilaku manusia dalam bidang
pengetahuan tentang hidup”

-O. Hoffe -
“Pandangan etis tentang kelahiran, hidup dan kematian.
Permasalahan moral tentang aborsi, sterilisasi, manipulasi
genetika, euthanasia, serta uji coba atas manusia”Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University
 Bioethics, as a ‘bridge’
between ‘facts’ and ‘values’.
Greek words,

bíos, life, representing the facts of life

and life sciences,
éthos, morals, referring to values and
duties.
a. kewajiban etik terhadap manusia; Van Rensselaer Potter
dan 1911 - 2001
b. kewajiban etik terhadap
lingkungan hidup (biosphere).

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

 BIOETHICS
(DALAM PENGERTIAN LUAS)

Menjadi domain (kewajiban):

o setiap individu;
o para profesional (Dr, perawat, bidan, dll);
o masyarakat;
o lembaga pelayanan publik;
o legislatif;
o pemerintah (eksekutif);
o Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat, dll.
 BIOETHICS
(DALAM PENGERTIAN SEMPIT)

cakupan bioetika hanya pada isu-isu etika sbg akibat

adanya kemajuan iptek di bidang biologi dan layanan
kesehatan saja.
 etika ilmu dan teknologi (ethics of science and
technology); atau
 etika biomedis yang diperluas dengan etika
penelitian (ethics of biomedical research).
 Bioethics (Medical)

Is a study of transdisciplinary subjects of philosopohy,

medicine, health, psychology, anthropology, sociology,
economics, politics, law, religions, culture, art, language,
etc, and is a study of human behavior to have a new
tolerance on transdisciplinary attitude
(Sastrowijoto, 2014)
 BIOETIKA MANUSIA

Before During After

life life death

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

 BIOETIKA MANUSIA

Before During After

life life death
• Ovum
• Spermatozoa

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

 BIOETIKA MANUSIA

Before During After

life life death
• awal dan akhir kehidupan manusia
• infertility, bayi tabung dan ibu tumpang.
• aborsi, infanticide, dan baby selling,
• human experimentation.
• transplantasi, donor organ dan jaringan.
• Bioteknologi (rekayasa genetik, stem cell, dll).
• terminal illnesses, futility, penghentian terapi
• euthanasia.
Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University
 BIOETIKA MANUSIA

Before During After

life life death
•pemanfaatan organ
atau jaringan dari
jenazah.

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights
“Bioethical principles”
i Human dignity and human rights
ii Benefit and harm
iii Autonomy and individual responsibility
iv Consent
v Persons without the capacity to consent
vi Respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity
vii Privacy and confidentiality
viii Equality, justice and equity
ix Non-discrimination and non-stigmatization
x Respect for cultural diversity and pluralism
xi Solidarity and cooperation
xii Social responsibility and health
xiii Sharing of benefits
xiv Protecting future generations
xv Protection of the environment, the biosphere and biodiversity
Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University
 HUMAN RIGHTS
1. The right to life (to die?)
2. Freedom from discrimination.
3. Freedom from torture and cruel.
4. Freedom from inhuman or degrading treatment.
5. Freedom of opinion and expression.
6. The right to equal access to public services.
7. The right to medical care.

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
PARADOX OF MODERN MEDICINE

Kemajuan kedokteran:
a. membuat yg mustahil menjadi mungkin.
b. mencoba mengidentifikasi
asymptomatic medical conditions
sebagai diseases.
c. kadang-kadang memasukkan risks
sebagai diseases
d. mencoba menyembuhkan non-illnesses.
Faculty of(Prof. John
Medicine Diponegoro University
APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI MAJU

1. Respect to life and living.

2. Respect to human dignity and
their rights.
3. Equality between risk &
advantage.
4. Awareness that ethics and law
Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University
Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University
Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University
Abortion in Indonesia

- Guttmacher Institute.2008 -
Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University
 GOALS OF BIOETHICS EDUCATION

Develop Knowledge

Develop Skills

Personal Moral Development

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

 GOALS OF BIOETHICS EDUCATION

Develop Knowledge
• Developing trans-disciplinary content knowledge
• Understanding the advanced biological concepts
• Being to integrate the use of scientific knowledge, facts and
ethical principles and argumentation in discussing cases
involving moral dilemmas
• Understand the breadth of questions that are posed by advanced
science technology.

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

 GOALS OF BIOETHICS EDUCATION

• Balancing benefits and risks of Science and Technology

• Being able to undertake a risk / benefit analysis
• Developing critical thinking and decision making
• Skills and reflective processes
• Developing creative thinking skills
• Developing foresight ability to evade possible
• Risks of science and technology Develop Skills
• Developing skill for “informed choice”
• Developing required skills to detect bias in scientific method,
interpretation and presentation of research result.

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

 GOALS OF BIOETHICS EDUCATION
• Increasing respect for different people and culture, and their
values
• Developing scientific attitudes, reflective processes, and an
ability for holistic appraisal, while not ignoring the values for
reductionist analysis
• Gaining knowledge about bias in the interpretation and
presentation of research results, benefits and risks of technology
and bioethical issues, and how to detect bias
• Exploring morals / values (values clarification)
• Promoting values analysis and value based utilization our scarce
natural resouces.
Personal Moral Development

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University