METABOLIC PATHWAYS

-SAGARKUMAR S. BHURA
Cellular Respiration

 C6H12O6 + 602  6CO2 + 6H20

 Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic

compounds.

 Involves three stages:

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
What Is ATP?

• Adenosine Triphosphate

• Energy used by all Cells

• Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate

bonds
Chemical Structure of ATP
What Does ATP Do for You?

It supplies YOU with

ENERGY!
How Do We Get Energy From
ATP?
By breaking
the high-
energy
bonds
between the
last two
phosphates
in ATP
NADH and FADH2

 NAD+ traps
electrons from
glucose to make
NADH (energy
stored)

 Similarly, FAD+
stores energy as
FADH2
Where Does Cellular
Respiration Take Place?

It actually takes place in

two parts of the cell:
 Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
 Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria
Review of Mitochondria
Structure
Smooth outer
Membrane
Folded inner
membrane
Folds called
Cristae
Space inside
cristae called
the Matrix
 Diagram of the Process
Occurs in
Matrix

Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs

across
Cristae
Glycolysis
1. Means “splitting of sugar”

2. Occurs in the cytosol of the cell

3. Partially oxidizes glucose (6C) into two

pyruvate (3C) molecules.

4. Occurs whether or not oxygen is present.

5. An exergonic process, (meaning energy is released) most of
the energy harnessed is conserved in the high-energy electrons
of NADH and in the phosphate bonds of ATP
Glycolysis Summary

• Takes place in the Cytoplasm

• Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
• Requires input of 2 ATP
• Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate
• Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
Formation of Acetyl CoA

1. Junction between glycolysis and Krebs cycle

2. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

3. Pyruvate molecules are translocated from the cytosol

into the mitochondrion by a carrier protein in the
mitochondrial membrane.

4. A CO2 is removed from pyruvate – making a 2C

compound.

5. Coenzyme A is attached to the acetyl group.

Formation of Acetyl CoA
Formation of Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle
 Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
 Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 and
produce one ATP per cycle
 Turns twice per glucose molecule
 Produces two ATP
 Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
Krebs Cycle Summary

 Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2,

and 2CO2

 Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces

6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and

2ATP
Electron Transport Chain

1. Located in the inner membrane of the

mitochondria.

2. Oxygen pulls the electrons from NADH

and FADH2 down the electron transport
chain to a lower energy state
.
3. Process produces 34 ATP or 90% of the
ATP in the body.
Electron Transport Chain

4. Requires oxygen, the final electron acceptor.

5. For every FADH2 molecule – 2 ATP’s are produced.

6. For every NADH molecule – 3 ATP’s are produced.

7. Chemiosmosis – the production of ATP using the

energy of H+ gradients across membranes to
phosphorylate ADP.
ATP Synthase

 A protein in the inner membrane in the

mitochondria.

 Uses energy of the ion gradient to power ATP

synthesis.

 For every H+ ion that flows through ATP synthase,

one ATP can be formed from ADP
Cellular Respiration in
Summary

Glycolysis
 2 ATP
 2 NADH  4-6 ATP (Depends on how this
NADH molecule gets to the ETC. To make
things simple we will say that these two
NADH’s make 4 ATP )

Formation of Acetyl CoA

 2 NADH  6 ATP
Cellular Respiration in
Summary

Krebs Cycle
 2 ATP
 6 NADH  18 ATP
 2 FADH2  4 ATP

Grand Total = 36 ATP

THANK YOU !……