Dr.

Muhammad Abid,
DCIS, PIEAS
 Introduction

The invention of the transistor was the

beginning of a technological revolution
Two basic types of transistors:
bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
field-effect transistor (FET)
The BJT is used in two broad areas:
linear amplifier to boost or amplify an electrical
signal
electronic switch
 BJT STRUCTURE

Why biploar? both holes and electrons as

current carriers
 BJT STRUCTURE

The base region is lightly doped and very

thin compared to the heavily doped emitter
and the moderately doped collector regions
 BASIC BJT OPERATION

Biasing
BASIC BJT OPERATION
BASIC BJT OPERATION
 Transistor Currents

IE = IB + IC
 BJT CHARACTERISTICS

In practice the voltages are often derived

from a single dc power supply
 DC Beta and Dc Alpha

range from less than 20 to 200 or higher

range from 0.95 to 0.99 or greater

 Transistor DC Model

For unsaturated BJT

BJT Circuit Analysis
 BJT Circuit Analysis

VBE = 0.7v (approx.)

BJT Circuit Analysis
Collector Characteristic Curves
Collector Characteristic Curves
Collector Characteristic Curves
 Collector Characteristic Curves

Three regions of operation:

Linear
Saturation
Cutoff
 Cutoff

VCE = VCC (approx.)

In cutoff, both base-emitter and base-
collector junctions are reverse-biased
Saturation
DC Load Line
 THE BJT AS AN AMPLIFIER

Amplification is the process of linearly

increasing the amplitude of an electrical
signal
Voltage Amplification
 Voltage Amplification

The ac input voltage produces an ac base

current, which results in a much larger ac
collector current.
The ac collector current produces an ac
voltage across RC, thus producing an
amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the ac
input voltage in the active region of
operation
 THE BJT AS A SWITCH

as an electronic switch, a BJT is normally

operated alternately in cutoff and saturation.
Switching Operation
 THE BJT AS A SWITCH

Conditions in Cutoff
Conditions in Saturation:

Normally, IB should be significantly greater

than IB(min) to ensure that the transistor is
saturated
A Simple Application of a Transistor
Switch
The End
Aside: More About Beta DC
 Voltage Amplification

The forward-biased base-emitter junction

presents a very low resistance to the ac
signal.
The ac base voltage (input) is: Vb = Iere’
The ac collector voltage (output): Vc = IcRC
= IeRC (approx.)

voltage gain = output voltage / input voltage