EVAPORATOR

Prinsip:Aplikasi pindah panas dengan

tujuan mengurangi cairan
bahan sehingga lebih pekat.
Produk yang diinginkan:
 Viskositas tinggi
 Uap dalam bentuk komponen
tunggal
Merupakan tahap awal dari proses
lanjutan (kristalisasi)
 PERHITUNGAN KAPASITAS ALAT

Laju panas menembus dinding evapoprator dan

produk menguapkan cairan (BTU/jam)
Q= µ x A x Δt

Q=jumlah panas ditransfer (BTU/jam = 3517 watt)

µ=koefisien pindah panas
Δt=beda suhu luar & dalam (oF)
A=luasan permukaan evaporator (ft2)
R=Rasio Permukaan Luar - Dalam
 MACAM/JENIS
 Short Tube  - Basket,
- Calandria
 Long Tube  - Once Trough,
- Circulating,
- Falling Film
 Force Circulation  - Vertical,
- Horizontal,
- Agitated Film
(Scraped Wall)
 Classification of evaporators

(1) Natural circulation evaporators

(a) Long tube vertical falling film evaporator
(b) Long tube vertical climbing up evaporator
(2) Forced circulation evaporators
(a) Forced circulation evaporator with horizontal
heating element
(b) Forced circulation evaporator with vertical heating
element
(3) Agitated film evaporator
(4) Based on method of operation evaporators also can be classified as
single effect evaporators and multiple effect evaporators.
 FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH

 Dalam operasi ini, pelarut yang akan diuapkan umumnya air

dan larutan pekat adalah produk.
 Uap yang dihasilkan biasanya tidak memiliki nilai, dan
dibuang.
Sifat cairan penguapan yang memengaruhi proses
penguapan
1. Concentration:
2. Foaming:
3. Scale:  pengotor atau kemurnian bahan
4. Temperature sensitivity:
5. Material of construction:
Plate evaporators
6
Vertical tube falling film evaporator
7
Horizontal tube falling film evaporator
8
EVAPORATOR DESALINASI

 Komponen utama unit ini

adalah evaporator dan feed
preheater atau kondensor.
 Evaporator terdiri dari tabung
penukar panas evaporator /
kondensor, ruang uap, kolam
air yang tidak diuapkan, sistem
distribusi air, dan eliminator
kabut.
 Preheater umpan memiliki
konfigurasi shell dan tabung
dan beroperasi dalam mode
counter-current, di mana
panas laten uap kondensasi
ditransfer ke air laut intake,
yang meliputi umpan (Mf) dan
air pendingin laut (Mcw)
 TAHAPAN PROSES EVAPORASI

 Air umpan (Mf) diolah secara kimia dan dideaerasi sebelum dipompa
ke evaporator. Perlakuan kimia ini diperlukan untuk mencegah berbusa
dan kecenderungan pembentukan skala di evaporator.
 Dalam evaporator, air umpan disemprotkan dari atas dalam bentuk
film tipis melalui deretan tabung diatur secara horizontal.
 Kondensasi uap panas jenuh, dan pelepasan panas latennya,
memberikan panas laten yang diperlukan untuk penguapan air dari air
umpan.
 Akibatnya, suhu air umpan (Tf) dinaikkan ke suhu mendidih (Tb).
 Nilai Tb ditentukan oleh jenis bahan kimia yang digunakan untuk
mengontrol pembentukan skala dan keadaan uap panas.
 Uap yang terbentuk (perebusan), dengan laju aliran Md, benar-benar
bebas dari pengotor.
 PROFIL TEMPERATUR EVAPORATOR

 Suhu uap yang dihasilkan kurang dari suhu didih karena peningkatan titik
didih (BPE).
 Shu uap kondensasi (Td) lebih rendah daripada suhu uap yang dihasilkan
karena kehilangan panas yang disebabkan oleh demister, saluran transmisi
dan kondensasi.
Elements of two-effect submerged evaporator
13
Long tube vertical climbing up
evaporator :
It has 3 parts:
1.Tubular HE
2.Separator/Vapor space to remove
entrained liquid from vapor.
3.Return leg to operate it as circulation
unit.
Diameter of tubes: 25 to 50 mm
L=3 to 10 m
Digunakan untuk memusatkan cairan
yang cenderung berbusa.
Falling film evaporators:

 Digunakan untuk memusatkan

bahan yang sangat peka
terhadap panas seperti jus
jeruk, bahan makanan, dll.
 Memerlukan waktu tinggal
singkat.
 Dioperasikan sekali melalui
tabung berukuran besar
D = 50 hingga 250 mm
L = 3 hingga 10 m
 2. Falling film
1. Rising film

D: 25 to 50 mm
L: 3 to 10 m

D: 50 to 250 mm
L: 3 to 10 m

Applications:
Applications:
Untuk bahan yang prka terhadap panas
Untuk cairan berbusa/timbul
dengan waktu singkat (sari buah dll)
busa.
BAGIAN-2 DALAM
 Forced circulation evaporators
Dalam sirkulasi alami evaporator cairan
masuk kecepatan 0,3 hingga 1 m / s dan umumnya
perpindahan panas koefisien sangat rendah, terutama
dengan cairan kental.
Dengan meningkatkan kecepatan aliran cairan
(umumnya 2 ke 6 m / s) melalui tabung koefisien
perpindahan panas meningkat sangat besar dan juga
mencegah pembentukan skala permukaan pemanas.
Ada dua tipe.
(i) Evaporator sirkulasi paksa dengan elemen
pemanas horisontal
(ii) Evaporator sirkulasi paksa dengan pemanasan
elemen vertikal
 With horizontal heating element

With vertical heating element

Agitated-film
evaporator
 Resistance to heat
transfer lies on the
liquid side.
 By mechanical agitation
of liquid we can reduce
the resistance
 It is a modified falling
film evaporator with a
single jacked tube
containing an internal
agitator
 Multiple-effect evaporation

 The vapors, which contain latent heat, are generally discarded in an evaporator,
thereby wasting energy.

 But it can be used as steam supply to another unit operating under lower
pressure and temperature.

 The vapor from the second unit can be further used as a steam supply to a third
unit operating at a still lower pressure and temperature.

 Each unit in such a series is called an effect and the method of re-using the
latent heat is called multiple-effect evaporation.

 In the case of multiple effect evaporators the economy increases at the cost of
capacity.
 Operating cost is same, but the capital cost, repair and maintenance cost
increases with increase in number of effects.
Methods of feeding

Forward feed
Backward feed
Mixed feed
Parallel feed
 Forward feed Backward feed

 This method requires a pump between

This arrangement is simplest and each pair of effects since the flow is
no need of any pump to transfer from lower pressure to the higher
pressure.
liquid from effect to effect as the
 If the liquid is very viscous then we
liquid flows in the direction of have to adopt this arrangement for
decreasing pressure. better capacity.
 Mixed feed Parallel feed

This arrangement is  The fresh feed is fed to each effect

combination of forward and simultaneously and the thick liquor is taken
backward feed adopted for out from the same effect separately.
best overall performance.  In this arrangement there is no transfer of
liquid from one effect to another effect.
 Vapor recompression
In this method, the vapors from the evaporator are compressed to a
saturation pressure of steam to upgrade the vapors to the
conditioning of original steam to permit the use as heating media.
These are two types.
(a)Mechanical recompression or
(b)Thermal recompression.
Mechanical Recompression:
In this method the vapor evolved from the evaporator is compressed
to some what higher pressure by positive displacement (or)
centrifugal compressor and fed to a heater as a steam
Thermal Recompression:
In this method vapor is compressed by means of steam jet ejector.
Here the high pressure steam is used to draw and compress the major
part of vapors from the evaporator
Mechanical Recompression:
In this method the vapor evolved from the evaporator is
compressed to some what higher pressure by positive displacement
(or) centrifugal compressor and fed to a heater as a steam

Thermal Recompression:
In this method vapor is compressed by means of steam jet ejector.
Here the high pressure steam is used to draw and compress the major
part of vapors from the evaporator
Thermal recompression is
better suited than mechanical
recompression to vacuum
operation.
Jets are cheaper and easier to
maintain than compressors.
Disadvantages of thermal
recompression include low
mechanical efficiency of jets
BAGAIMANA DENGAN ALAT INI ???
1. Hot plate
2. Waterbath
3. Ujung rotor “sampel”
4. Lubang kondensor
5. Kondensor
6. Lubang kondensor
8. Ujung rotor“penampung”
7. Labu alas bulat penampung