Construction Equipments

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
ALFARO | BASILIO | CARIÑO | GAMBOA |

PASCUAL | TANDICO
HISTORY OF
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
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HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Early equipment’s, like the crane, were invented by
ancient Roman Engineers. During the early 19’s
century equipment’s used for construction were
mostly manpowered like the hand shovel and
transporting heavy materials were done by horse
drawn vehicles, then followed by steam engines.
Later on the continuous tracks were being used by
tanks during the World War 1, which were then
used for machines like the bulldozer. Machines
slowly advanced during the early years especially
during the early 20’s were diesel engines became
dominant, with that the machines grew bigger and
more were being invented for specific usage.
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COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
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WHAT IS COMPACTION OF SOIL?
• Soil compaction is the compression of

soil particle.
• Compaction reduces total pore space
of a soil.

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WHAT ARE THE PURPOSE OF SOIL
COMPACTION?
• To increase soil strength
• To improve the stability of soil
• To reduce soil permeability
• To reduce erosion damage

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• Applying energy to a soil by one or more
of the following methods will cause compaction:
1. Impact
2. Pressure
3. Vibration
4. Kneading
• Each of these types is carried out using one of two types

of forces:
a) static
b) vibratory

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Soil types versus the method of compaction
MATERIAL IMPACT PRESSURE VIBRATION KNEADING
Gravel Poor No Good Very Good
Sand Poor No Excellent Good
Silt Good Good Poor Excellent
Clay Excellent with Very Good No Good
confinement

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EQUIPMENTS FOR COMPACTION OF SOIL
1. Sheepsfoot rollers
2. Tamping rollers
3. Smooth-drum vibratory soil compactors
4. Pad-drum vibratory soil compactors
5. Pneumatic-tired rollers

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Principal method of compaction used by
various compactors.
COMPACTOR TYPE IMPACT PRESSURE VIBRATION KNEADING
Sheepsfoot ✔
Tamping foot ✔ ✔
Vibrating smooth ✔ ✔
Vibrating padfoot ✔ ✔
Pneumatic ✔ ✔

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Appropriate project compaction equipment
based on material type
MATERIAL LIFT NUMBER OF COMPACTOR COMMENTS
THICKNESS (in) PASSES TYPE
Gravel 8-12 3-5 Vib. Padfoot Foot psi 150-200
Vib. Smooth -
Pneumatic Tire psi 35-130
Sheepsfoot Foot psi 150-200
Sand 8-10 3-5 Vib. Padfoot -
Vib. Smooth -
Sheepsfoot Tandem 10-15 ton
Silt 6-8 4-8 Vib. Padfoot Foot psi 200-400
Vib. Smooth -
Clay 4-6 4-6 Vib. Padfoot Foot psi 250-500
Vib. Smooth -

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 are used for compacting fine grained soils such as
heavy clays and silty clays.
 are used for compaction of soils in dams,
embankments, subgrade layers in pavements and rail
road construction projects.

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 As seen in picture above, sheepsfoot rollers consist of
steel drums on which projecting lugs are fixed and
can apply a pressure up to 14kg/sq cm or more.
 The compaction of soil is mainly due to foots
penetrating and exerting pressure on the soil.
 Price in the Philippines:

Php 13,800,000

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2. Tamping rollers
 These rollers are similar to sheepsfoot rollers with lugs
of larger area than sheepsfoot rollers.
 These rollers are more preferable than sheepsfoot
roller due to their high production capacity, and they
are replacing sheepsfoot rollers.

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2. Tamping rollers
 These rollers operate at high speeds, and are
capable to breaking large lumps. These rollers also
consists of leveling blades to spread the material.

Php 31,300,000

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 The most suitable soils for these roller type are well
graded sand, gravel, crushed rock, asphalt etc. where
crushing is required.

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 These rollers are helpful from several considerations
like:
(i) Higher compaction level can be achieved with
maximum work
(ii) Compaction can be done up to greater depths
(iii) Output is many times more than conventional rollers

Php 10,300,000

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 These rollers are effective on soils with up to 50% of
the material having a PI if 5 or greater.
 The edged of the pads are rolled inward enabling
them to walk out of the lift without fluffing the soil.

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 The drums of the roller extend beyond the sides of the
roller body, so the compaction can be accomplished
adjacent to the trench walls.
 Many of these small compactors can be equipped
with remote control sytem.

Php 11,000,000

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 Pneumatic tired rollers are also called as rubber tired
rollers. These rollers are used for compaction of
coarse grained soils with some fines.
 These rollers are least suitable for uniform coarse soils
and rocks. Generally pneumatic tired rollers are used
in pavement subgrade works both earthwork and
bituminous works.

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 These wheels are staggered for compaction of soil
layers with uniform pressure throughout the width of
the roller.

Php 16,000,000

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DOZERS & RIPPERS
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DOZERS
• Also known as “Bulldozers”.
• Earlier, bulldozers were only used by the farmers
for landscaping and plowing but with the new
modifications they can use in many different
fields of work.
• Today, bulldozers can be seen on engineering
and mining sites.
• Bulldozer is a type of tractors that has continuous
track or a wheeled track and an additional
blade at front used for pushing large amount of
sand, stones or rubbish from a place to another.
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DOZERS

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Types of Bulldozers
• Crawler Bulldozer
• Wheel Bulldozer
• Mini Bulldozer

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Crawler Bulldozer
• a simple type of bulldozer which is quite similar to the
tractor and used for loading & pushing heavy objects
such as sand from one destination to another.
• tracked vehicle instead of tires and used for many
plain and irregular fields because of highly abrasive
plate called blade.

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Wheel Bulldozer
• A quite giant machine used in most of construction
plans like grounds, stadiums, water parks and other
plaques.
• The operations of wheel bulldozer are similar to the
other types but they work more dedicatedly because
of heavy tires.
• Wheel bulldozer can be moved on small axis whereas
crawler bulldozer can’t and the point that pluses its
benefit is its big tires.

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Mini Bulldozer
• Also known as compact bulldozer.
• Used for performing all sorts of works that giants can.
• Consists of tires, a small driver cabin, plate and sickle.

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Attachments/Blades
• S Blade
• SU Blade
• U Blade
• Angle Blade
• PAT Blade

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S Blade
• Straight blade
• The straight blade is ideal for general dozing when
materials are to be drifted a short to medium distance.
• Blade curvature lifts the dirt high with a rolling action to
lower resistance and speed drifting.
• The S-blade has limited carrying capabilities because of
the straight configuration.
• S blade performs best is in medium to harder compacted
materials.
• The S blade is used in many applications including
backfilling, stumping, stripping, shaping and ditching.

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S Blade

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U Blade
• “U” shape.
• This type of blade has the sides advanced ahead of
the center section.
• The U shape works like a scoop to hold in materials
and minimize side spillage off the blade.
• The increased width of the U blade lowers the overall
ground penetrating forces making the blade most
suitable for medium to soft soils

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U Blade

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SU Blade
• Semi-U
• This blade is designed to occupy the middle ground
between the straight blade and the U blade providing to
a lesser degree characteristics of both.
• The distinctive feature that sets this blade apart from the S
blade is the addition of the forward curving side wings on
either end which work to hamper material spillage.
• The SU blade has less ground penetration ability than the
S blade, but the more efficient material carrying
capability make it a good choice in a number of bulldozer
activities including stumping, stripping, backfilling, ditching,
crowning and leveling.

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SU Blade

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ANGLE Blade
• The angle blade is a multipurpose tool that can be
used for general dozing and for the side casting
materials.
• The angle blade can be positioned straight ahead or
angled 25 degrees to either side.
• On dozers equipped with an angle blade, the push
arms are in a “C” frame configuration
• The angle blade works well for a number of uses
including, stumping and stripping, shaping, ditching,
trail pioneering, and general dozing of medium to
softer materials.
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ANGLE Blade

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PAT Blade
• PAT stands for power, angle, and tilt.
• Though commonly referred to as a type of blade the
PAT blade is normally a straight blade combined with
multiple hydraulically controlled tractor attachment
points allowing for angle, elevation and tilt blade
adjustment by the operator.
• Enabling quick and easy operator control the PAT
blade enhances dozing productivity and tractor
versatility.

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PAT Blade

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Usage
• Clearing
• Stumping
• Removing Rocks and Boulders
• Working in Wet Material

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Usage
• Bulldozing
• Spreading
• Backfilling
• Finishing

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Usage
• Ditching
• Side hill Excavation
• Finishing side slope
• Pushing Dozer

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OPERATION
• The dozer blade is hydraulically controlled by a lever
or a joystick inside the operator’s cab.
• Avoid truck spinning whenever possible.
• Ditches, ridges, rocks or logs should be crossed slowly
and, if possible, at an angle.
• When dozing, shift the dozer into low gear and the
lower blade into the ground gradually until obtaining
the desired depth of the cut.
• To push the load with the blade, you must anticipate
and compensate for the up-and-down movement of
the front of the dozer.

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OPERATION

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COST

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COST

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RIPPERS
• An excavating machine for loosening layers of frozen
soil, rock (usually of medium strength), and artificial su
rfaces in layers
using the tractive force of a prime mover.
• Rippers are equipped with a trailer or mounted tined

device with elements for attachment to the prime mov
er and a hydraulic drive.

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TYPES OF RIPPERS
• Rear mounted rippers
• Dozer back rippers
• Removable rippers

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USAGE
• Used for tearing and ripping apart earth

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OPERATION
• A ripper augments the function of a bucket and is
comprised of a pair of connected claw-like devices
that are attached with pins to the inside of the
machine’s bucket.
• The rippers are designed to protrude over the edge
of the bucket to reach, rip and scar the ground before
falling into the bucket for dispensing
• The ripper is then removed and the bucket put back
on for finishing work.

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EXCAVATORS
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HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
• are entirely dependent on hydraulic systems.
• consists of a chassis, boom and bucket, and move via
tracks/ wheels.

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HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR TYPES
• Track-Type Hydraulic Excavator
• Wheel Hydraulic Excavator

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USAGE
• Excavation
• Demolition purpose
• Moving large amounts of materials from one area to
another

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OPERATION
• The hydraulic excavator’s base/ undercarriage
consists of a track or wheeled platform and provides
transportation for the vehicle while supporting the
chassis.
• The chassis allows the driver to control the vehicle by
using levers to drive it, raising the boom up and down,
and controlling the bucket.
• It can rotate 360 degrees
• The boom and bucket bucket are attached to the
chassis and are controlled independently.

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COST
• Hydraulic Excavator (25,000 - 29,000 lbs)
• Rental cost Daily = at most 37,000 php
• Hydraulic Excavator (43,000-49,000 lbs)

• Rental Cost Daily = at most 43,000 php

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BACKHOES
A backhoe loader is a tractor-like vehicle with a
backhoe at one end, a front loader on the other and a
swivelling seat to position the operator facing whichever
he is using at the time. Due to its (relatively) small size
and versatility, backhoe loaders are very common in
urban engineering and small construction projects (such
as building a small house, fixing urban roads, etc.) as
well as developing countries.

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BACKHOES TYPES
• Center Mount Backhoes
• Sideshift Backhoes

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USAGE
Backhoe loaders are very common and can be used for
a wide variety of tasks: construction, small demolitions,
light transportation of building materials, powering
building equipment, digging holes/excavation,
landscaping, breaking asphalt, and paving roads.

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OPERATION
• Often, the backhoe bucket can also be replaced with
powered attachments such as a breaker, grapple, auger,
or a stump grinder. Enhanced articulation of attachments
can be achieved with intermediate attachments such as the
tiltrotator.
• Many backhoes feature quick coupler (quick-attach)
mounting systems and auxiliary hydraulic circuits for
simplified attachment mounting, increasing the machine's
utilization on the job site. Some loader buckets have a
retractable bottom or "clamshell", enabling it to empty its
load more quickly and efficiently. Retractable-bottom
loader buckets are also often used for grading and
scraping. The front assembly may be a removable
attachment or permanently mounted.

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Center Mount Backhoes
Frequently referred to as a center pivot backhoe, this
type of loader has the backhoe mounted at the center
of its rear frame. Its gullwing legs swing down and
provide stabilization. This design reportedly provides a
wider stance and more ground clearance, making it
ideal for sloped terrain and heavy loads

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Center Mount Backhoes

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Sideshift Backhoes
This type of backhoe is mounted on frame rails and
stabilizers that allow the operator to shift work or
materials from one side of the loader to the other,
greatly saving the time it would take to reposition the
rig. Ideal for narrow corridors or work situations where
the machine is positioned close to buildings or other
immovable objects, sideshift backhoes strike the perfect
balance of precision and productivity.

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Sideshift Backhoes

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BACKHOES
A backhoe loader is a tractor-like vehicle with a
backhoe at one end, a front loader on the other and a
swivelling seat to position the operator facing whichever
he is using at the time. Due to its (relatively) small size
and versatility, backhoe loaders are very common in
urban engineering and small construction projects (such
as building a small house, fixing urban roads, etc.) as
well as developing countries.

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COST

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LOADERS
A loader is a type of tractor, usually wheeled,
sometimes on tracks, that has a front-mounted square
wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms)
to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt,
sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another
without pushing the material across the ground. A loader
is commonly used to move a stockpiled material from
ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump truck
or into an open trench excavation.

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LOADER TYPES
• Wheel Loader
• Crawler Loader

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USAGE
• A loader is commonly used to move a stockpiled
material from ground level and deposit it into an
awaiting dump truck or into an open trench
excavation.
• Used in construction to move aside or load materials
such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed,
gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock,
sand, woodchips, etc. into or onto another type of
machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-
hopper, or railroad car).

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OPERATION
The loader assembly may be a removable attachment
or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be
replaced with other devices or tools—for example,
many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping
containers, and a hydraulically opening "clamshell"
bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or
scraper. The bucket can also be augmented with devices
like a bale grappler for handling large bales of hay or
straw.

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WHEEL LOADER
• Self Propelled Heavy Equipment used in many
industries. The Wheel Loader robust constitution,
particularly his big front and rear wheels, make him
suitable for pushing, lifting and loading earth, sand,
snow and other heavy material or object. With
Excavator, the Wheel Loader is one of the major
Heavy Equipment icons.
• Very versatile equipment, often used in the following
industries: Construction, Snow Removal, Handling,
Mining and Quarry, Forestry and Recycling.

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WHEEL LOADER

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CRAWLER LOADER
• Self Propelled Heavy Equipment used in many
industries. The Wheel Loader robust constitution,
particularly his big front and rear wheels, make him
suitable for pushing, lifting and loading earth, sand,
snow and other heavy material or object. With
Excavator, the Wheel Loader is one of the major
Heavy Equipment icons.
• Very versatile equipment, often used in the following
industries: Construction, Snow Removal, Handling,
Mining and Quarry, Forestry and Recycling.

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CRAWLER LOADER

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COST

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TRENCH MACHINES

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TRENCH MACHINE TYPES
• Chain Trenchers
• Wheeled trenchers
• Walk behind trencher

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USAGE
• To dig trenches in the ground used for drainage,
pipeline laying, cable laying.

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Chain Trenchers
• Consists of a fixed arm called boom around digging
chain which consists sharp tooth
• When driven into the ground, the chain rotates around
with rapid force and cuts the ground
• We can manage the depth of the excavation by
adjusting the angle of the boom
• Mostly used for hard soil which cannot be excavated
by the bucket type excavator
• For smaller chain trenchers, wheeled vehicles are
available, while larger chain trenchers are available
in tracked form.

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Chain Trenchers

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Wheeled Trenchers
• Toothed wheel is used as trenching tool
• Compared to chain trencher, this vehicle can cut
harder soil strata
• Also used to cut pavement surface in repairing road
works
• Available in both tracked and wheeled vehicles

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Wheeled Trenchers

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Walk Behind Trenchers
• Used for digging smaller dimensions of trenches.
• Unlike the other types of trenchers, this vehicle is
moved manually by man.
• In using the this equipment, the man stands behind the
trencher and starts at the end of the trench.
• The trencher is lower in order to obtain the desired
depth of the trench

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Walk Behind Trenchers

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COST
• Ride-On Trencher
-(32-50 hp)
-digging depth up to 60”
-cutting width from 6” to 12”
• Walk-Behind Trencher
- 11-15 hp
-30”-36” depth

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TRUCKS & HAULING
EQUIPMENT
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DUMP TRUCK

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USAGE
• Construction
• Transportation

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COST
Rental Cost
9 cubic meter P783.12/hour
11.5 cubic meter P1062.36/hour
Sales Cost
10 wheeler – 20 cubic meter P3,300,000

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CEMENT MIXER TRUCK

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USAGE
• Transportation
• Efficiency of Work

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COST
Rental Cost
Sales Cost
10 cubic meter P3,500,000

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FLAT BED TRUCK

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USAGE
• Transportation
• Removal of Scrap Metal

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COST
Rental Cost
P1,500/hour
Sales Cost
Tractor Head P2,800,000
Trailer P440,000

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Mobile Cranes

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USAGE
• Lifting
• Convenience
• Minimizes Set Up Time

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COST
Rental Cost
21-25 metric tons P185,481/month
51-60 metric tons P324,324/month
Sales Cost
25 metric tons P6,200,000

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How Does A Truck Size Affect Productivity?
• Size of the Job
• Activity Time Constraints
• Availability of Equipment
• Cost of Transportation Equipment

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Construction Equipments

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CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

ALFARO | BASILIO | CARIÑO | GAMBOA |

• Soil compaction is the compression of

ALFARO | BASILIO | CARIÑO | GAMBOA |

ALFARO | BASILIO | CARIÑO | GAMBOA |

• Each of these types is carried out using one of two types

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 Price in the Philippines:

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 Price in the Philippines:

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 Price in the Philippines:

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 Price in the Philippines:

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 Price in the Philippines:

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• Rippers are equipped with a trailer or mounted tined

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• Hydraulic Excavator (43,000-49,000 lbs)

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