A computer network is a collection of nodes that
are connected to one another electronically in order to resource data and services(such as printing). A node refers to: A server A computer A printer or a device that can be added to a network. The connection is made using cable media or wireless media. Facilitate communication Share Hardware Share data and information Share Software Transfer funds Availability Scalability Interoperability Local Area Network Wireless Local Area Network Wi-fi WiMAX Wide Area Network Personal Area Network Virtual Private Network Local Area Network(LAN) connects computers and peripherals of businesses within a single location over a relatively short distance such as school, buildings, or home. LANs are controlled, and managed by a single person or organization. Technologies: The Ethernet. Token Ring. A LAN can also be set up wirelessly. Instead of using cables, radio signals are used for communication. Some devices have built-in wireless capabilities for example: Laptops Tablets Smart Phones Workstations may not have wireless capabilities , therefore wireless LAN cards need to be installed on the workstations’ processing units. Now, wireless LAN cards are being replaced by portable wireless sticks. The Wireless card or stick contains a small antenna which sends and receives radio signals from the wireless access point(WAP). There are two wireless communication standards: Wi-fi: It is an IEEE 802.11 wireless network standard. It uses radio waves via WAP. It is indicated by a logo where it is available. • It is an IEEE 802.16 wireless network standard. • It uses Microwave Access. • It is designed as an alternative to cables and digital subscriber line(DSL). • It covers a larger geographical area, connecting across cities and countries. • A wide area network(WAN) covers a large physical distance as compared to LAN. • A WAN is geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. • The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the earth. • Personal area network(PAN) is a computer network organized around an individual. • It involves: • a Mobile computer • a Cell phone • a handheld computing device such as PDA. • Why use this network? • to transfer files such as: • e-mails. • calendar appointments. • digital photos and music. • With Cables: • It uses USBs • and FireWire Technologies. • Without Cables(wireless): • It uses Bluetooth or Infrared connections. • It usually covers a range of less than 10 meters(about 30 feet). • VPN provides a secure connection to a company’s server, just as if the user has private line over the Internet. • The private connection is called a VPN tunnel. • Content that passes through VPN tunnels is invisible to the other users of the internet, and that includes the internet service provider(ISP). Interface between the transmitter and the receiver Two major categories 1. Guided Media/physical 2. Unguided Media/wireless Physical transmission uses wire or cable. The core is a conductor Usually a copper line encased in PVC for insulation To protect travelling signals Reduce attenuation 1. Twisted-pair cables 2. Coaxial cables 3. Fiber optic cables These cables contain copper cables It is commonly used in a telephone line network and in computer networking It is fairly inexpensive Easy to install CAT1 1mbps analogue telephone lines, modem lines
CAT2 4mbps token ring networks for IBM
terminal system
CAT3 16mbps analogue voices, 10Base-T
Ethernet
CAT4 20mbps 16 mbps token ring networks
CAT5e 100mbps ATM networks, 100Base- T
Ethernet
CAT6e 200mbps 10 gigabit Base-T Ethernet
CAT7 600mbps ultra fast Ethernet (1000Base-T
and 10gigabitbase-T), full-motion videos Contain an inner copper coil Insulated by a plastic layer Surrounded by a layer of braided copper shield It has a higher bandwidth than the twisted-pair The RG6 coaxial cable is most commonly used to carry television signals A cable consisting of one or more thin flexible fibres with a glass core through which light signals can be sent Cladding Buffer jacket Very little loss of strength Its able to transmit far more data using rapid pulses of light up to 1.05 petabits per sec The speed of data transmission is extremely fast with the speed of light Depending on the grade of material used, latency or delay is very low
FOR EXAMPLE: Only 11 milliseconds
for 1000-kilometre round trip. Transmission of data using electromagnetic waves. No wires are needed so setting up a network. Several media are used each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Infrared (IR) Radio Microwave Bluetooth Infrared transmission refers to energy in the region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum at wavelengths longer than those of visible light, but shorter than those of radio waves
Correspondingly, infrared frequencies are
higher than those of microwaves, but lower than those of visible light Broadcast data Radio antennas are used to send and receive data The data travels at a very high speed, covering 299,792,458 meters in just one second Uses short radio waves to transmit high- volume data over a very long distance
The wave length is between 1mm to 1 meter
A regular radio signals has much longer wave
length (up to 1km) Requires tall microwave towers of up to 48 kilometres
A good line-of-sight.
Amplify the signal before retransmitting it to
the next microwave transmission tower This provides a wireless link for synchronisation of data and collaboration between different devices Example of devices with bluetooth functions include: 1. A phone that can be linked to the headset 2. A laptop that can send print jobs to a nearby printer 3. A camera that quickly transfers images to the laptop It uses a low-power radio communication Disadvantage: Limited number of devices that can be connected simultaneously Covers a short distance between devices (up to 10 metres) Low rate of transfer of about 2mbps Modem : convert outgoing digital signal to analog signal and vice versa Types of Telecommunication processor: Hub Router Switch Bridge input/output device use telecommunication and network to transmit data
It can be personal computer , network
computer etc It include operating environment , tools and protocol
Services supported are file sharing & printing
NOS support P2P, and client –server .
Protocol Rules and Procedures for communicating Kinds of Protocol
Common protocol used for LAN Use access method called CSMA/CD. In this system each computer listen to cable before sending data through network if network is clear , data will retransmit If both computer send data at same time collision occur. It allow for star & bus topologies Resource sharing Productivity of employees improved Computer are not just desktop tool but also communication tool Email services Printing services Application services File services Packet switching: Internet technology used to send & receive data over network data traffic broken into smaller parts called ”packet” At receiving end packet are assembled to reproduce original data file TCP “determine how each data packet is broken” IP “label each packet with sender and receiver destination” Internet contain sub network
TCP/IP pair of protocol
These are guide communication between sub network
TCP responsible for verifying correct delivery
IP layer responsible for routing the packet
OSI model is seldom use in practice while TCP/IP use
mostly Allow user to access internet Provide common platform for accessing websites When connection establish user enter unique address of web page i.e URL(uniform resource locater) URL contains protocol , domain name , and the path URL used to search particular page on server Collection of electronic component called Hypertext document It is service of Internet Hypertext document become web page viewed through web browser Navigation between document is through hyperlinks Hypertext document stored on a web server Web page is most accessible format across any platform