KESEHATAN DAN KESELAMATAN KERJA

Kode Mata Kuliah/SKS : TIN 261/2(2-0)

Semester : GANJIL

Pengajar: Tajuddin Bantacut

Muhammad Yani
Andes Ismayana

Deskripsi Singkat:

Memberikan pengetahuan tentang kesehatan dan keselamatan

kerja serta identifikasi potensi dan penyebab bahaya dalam
pekerjaan. Materi difokuskan pada identifikasi bahaya yang
dapat ditimbulkan dalam pekerjaan dikaitkan dengan resiko dan
pengendaliannya. Kuliah ini bersifat (pengetahuan) praktis yang
membekali mahasiswa dengan prinsip dasar kesadaran
terhadap kerja dan keselamatan.
 Fatal Fatal Accidents Deaths
Total
accidents accidents, causing 3+ ILO Estimate ILO Estimate caused by
employment
ILO Estimates (econom ically reported estimate days' absence Work-related Work-related dangerous
Country active for World) (ILO 2003) ILO 2003 Estimate 2003 diseases mortality substances
Austria 3,798,400 103 227 213,419 2,820 3,047 1,318
Belgium 4,070,400 84 78,974 2,893 2,977 1,353
Bulgaria 2,834,000 114 288 270,674 2,006 2,294 898
Cyprus 327,100 8 10 9,251 242 252 113
Czech Republic 4,733,000 199 245 230,128 3,648 3,893 1,706
Denmark 2,692,500 51 47,949 2,026 2,077 947
Estonia 594,300 31 38 35,849 683 721 309
Finland 2,385,000 43 49 46,068 1,862 1,911 871
France 24,630,900 661 782 735,214 19,279 20,061 9,014
Germany 36,172,000 901 847,094 28,568 29,469 13,358
Greece 4,103,900 68 63,932 3,203 3,271 1,498
Hungary 3,921,900 133 164 153,804 4,507 4,670 1,950
Ireland 1,836,000 65 80 75,167 1,333 1,413 623
Italy 22,133,000 916 991 931,709 16,987 17,978 7,943
Latvia 1,006,900 41 50 47,413 1,157 1,207 527
Lithuania 1,438,000 117 144 135,301 1,652 1,796 769
Luxembourg 293,400 16 7 6,581 139 146 65
Malta 147,042 12 15 13,877 113 128 53
Netherlands 7,935,000 104 97,778 5,949 6,053 2,782
Poland 13,617,000 515 633 595,557 10,357 10,990 4,637
Portugal 5,127,700 346 325,299 3,888 4,234 1,818
Romania 9,222,500 418 1,016 955,493 6,059 7,075 2,712
Slovakia 2,164,600 94 116 108,704 1,607 1,722 719
Slovenia 896,000 40 49 46,257 681 730 318
Spain 17,295,900 722 722 678,803 13,887 14,609 6,493
Sweden 4,234,000 56 52,650 3,163 3,219 1,479
United Kingdom 27,820,800 174 224 210,598 20,778 21,002 9,716
Total EU 27 205,431,242 4,422 7,460 7,013,545 159,485 166,945 73,989
5
World 2,916,352,037 18,067 357,948 336,532,471 1,945,115 2,303,063 651,279
 EU Accident Fatality Rate

Standardised* Incidence Rate of fatal accidents at work /100,000 workers in

Europe by member state, 2006 (source:EUROSTAT)

http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/european/fatal.htm 6
 U.K. Data – Model for others?

www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/history/index.htm

Key facts 2006 – Key Facts 2007

• 2.0 million people were suffering from an illness they believe was caused or
made worse by their current or past work. 2.1 million in 2007
• Musculoskeletal disorders were by far the most common with 1 020 000
people suffering – 1 144 000, followed by stress, depression or anxiety
with 420 000 people - 530 000.
• 523 000 were new (incidence) cases of work-related illness 646 000. In
terms of people working in the last 12 months, this equates to a rate of 1600
per 100 000 people – 2100/ 100 000.
• Stress, depression or anxiety and musculoskeletal disorders accounted
for a large proportion of new cases, 195 000 and 190 000 respectively –
247 000 and 245 000.
• 299 000 non-fatal reportable injuries occurred – 274 000, a rate of 1100
per 100 000 workers – 1 000/ 100 000.
• 30 million working days were lost overall - 36 million (1.3 days per worker
1.5/ worker), 24 million due to work-related illness – 30 million and 6 7
million due to workplace injury – 6 million.
• Management, skill, culture, or
what problems?
 Policy & Procedures
Basic Causes Environmental Conditions
Equipment/Plant Design
Human Behavior

Unsafe Indirect Causes Unsafe

Acts Conditions

Slip/Trip Fall
Direct Causes Energy Release
Pinched Between

ACCIDENT
Personal Injury
Property Damage
Potential/Actual
 Tujuan Instruksional Umum :
1. Mempelajari patok dasar (fondasi) hubungan
antara manusia, kerja dan keselamatan.
2. Menumbuhkan kesadaran mahasiswa tentang
keselamatan dan tanggungjawab mereka di tempat
kerja.
3. Mengetahui ketentuan umum dan patok dasar
peraturan.
4. Mampu memahami sebab, dan cara menghindari
kecelakaan dan penyakit dalam industri.
5. Mengetahui dan menerapkan proses generik
identifikasi bahaya, pengkajian resiko,
pengendalian penelahaan dan resiko.
6. Mengetahui cara perlindungan kesehatan dan
keselamatan pekerja dengan menggunakan hirarki
pilihan pengendalian.
7. Mampu mengelola dan mempromosikan kesehatan
dan keselamatan di tempat kerja.
 MATERI/ BACAAN PERKULIAHAN (MODUL)
Modul 1. Telaah menyeluruh kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja
– Fakta
– Persfektif historis kebijakan dan peraturan keselamatan kerja
– Liabilitas dan kesehatan kerja
Modul 2. Penyakit dan pekerjaan (Bagian 1)
– Definisi kesehatan kerja dan sejarah pengobatan penyakit
tempat kerja
– Kecelakaan (injuries)
• Panas dan dingin
• Terbakar
• Biomedikal
• Kebisingan dan getaran
Modul 3. Penyakit dan pekerjaan (Bagian 2)
– Perbedaan persyaratan tempat kerja
– Penyakit pekerjaan
• Sakit mata
• Sakit paru-paru
• Sakit kulit
– Prinsip ilmu keracunan pekerjaan (Occupational toxicology)
Modul 4. Keselamatan kerja : identifikasi bahaya dan kesadaran
keselamatan
– Definisi bahaya dan resiko
– Kesadaran keselamatan
– Bahaya kesehatan dan keselamatan
– Keselamatan tempat kerja dan laboratorium
Modul 5. Pengendalian bahaya
– Prinsip pengendalian bahaya
• Proses pengendalian bahaya
• Pendekatan dalam pengendalian bahaya
• Pilihan pengendalian
• Pengendalian tempat kerja
– Penggunaan pengendalian
• Pengembangan kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja
• Pentingnya kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja
• Pelembaga pendekatan manajemen resiko
Modul 6. Bahaya dan resiko kimiawi
– Bahaya dan resiko
– Hubungan dosis dan respon
– Manajemen resiko pekerjaan
Modul 7. Bahaya bio-(biohazards) pekerjaan
• Definisi
• Tipe bahaya bio
• Keselamatan bekerja dengan mikroorganisme
• Studi kasus : HIV dan Hepatitis B

Modul 8. Kecelakaan : pengertian dan metoda investigasinya

– Kecelakaan
– Studi kasus
– Metode investigasi kecelakaan

Modul 9. Esensi higine pekerjaan : penilaian , monitoring dan

evaluasi bahaya di tempat kerja
– Dasar higine pekerjaan
– Penilaian tempat kerja
– Penggunaan checklists
– Monitoring tempat kerja
– Jenis kontaminan udara
– Debu dan tempat kerja
– Gas dan uap : dampak terhadap perkerjaan
– Studi kasus
Modul 10. Alat perlindungan diri
– Pemilihan
– Penggunaan
– Penyimpanan, pemeriksaan dan pemeliharaan
– Dekontominasi dan higine diri
Modul 11. Resiko dan cara tanggapnya
– Resiko : pembunuh tersembunyi
– Dasar penilaian resiko
– Kesalahan manusia
– Pilihan
– Metoda praktis keselamatan kerja
Modul 12. Kepemimpinan dalam keselamatan : sistem
manajemen keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja
– Tujuan dan sasaran manajemen
– Contoh manajemen kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja
– Studi kasus : integrasi kesehatan dan keselamatan dalam
program manajemen
– Bagaimana mengelola tempat kerja baru?
 OVERVIEW

• The work place can be very danger

• You are more likely to get killed at work
than on the road
• Accident and injuries have a staggering
affect on economy
• Individual, company, community and
states will ultimately pay for the cost of lost
production and having to support injured
workers
 lost
• Worker compensation
• Lost productivity
• Additional overtime
• Lost of time of injured worker and
colleagues, claim management time,
accident investigation time, equipment
down time, property damage, etc.
 Historical perspective
Industrial revolution consequences:
i. Workers no longer owned tools of their
trade,
ii. Industrial towns with housing for
workers grew up around mills,
iii. Traditional apprenticeship systems,
iv. Personal relationship disappeared
 Liability and Occupational
Health
• The concept of the 'Duty of Care' and
developing an understanding of some
consequences for how work is organised
and undertaken.
• The earliest example of liability: The
Code of Hammurabi 1752 BC imposed the
death penalty on a Babylonian builder
responsible for constructing a house which
collapsed and killed the owner.
 Liability and Occupational Health and Safety.
1. The Macquarie Dictionary defines liability as
'duty or obligation owed to another'.
2. The classic judicial pronouncement on 'duty
of care‘ (Donoghue vs Stevenson 1932) -
"You must take reasonable care to avoid
acts of omissions which can reasonably
foresee would be likely to injure your
neighbour". Who, then in law is your
neighbour?
3. The 'duty of care' is a single overriding duty
of employers to employees to take
reasonable care for their safety (and health)
in all circumstances.
The main indication to whether an issue falls
under duty of care is:

The employer is responsible for ensuring a

safe and healthy workplace, any issue
which may place people in the workplace
at risk should be considered as a duty of
care issue.
 The Code of Hammurabi
• The code of Hammurabi is the one of the most
complete collection of Babylonian law yet
discovered and one of the most important ancient
codes of law. Hammurabi, who resigned for 42 years
from 1792 to 1750 BC, recognised the administration
of justice and established an orderly arrangement of
written laws.

• The Code of Hammurabi consisted of 282 provisions

systematically arranged under such headings as
family, labour, personal property, real estate, trade
and business. Legal actions were initiated under the
code by written pleadings (tuntutan/advokasi);
testimony was taken under oath; witnesses could be
subpoenaed (terdakwa). The Code was guided by
such principles as 'the strong should not injure the
weak' and 'punishment should fit the crime'. It was
sever prescribing "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a
tooth."
Here are some examples of the liabilities of builders.
1. If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction
form and the house which he has built collapse and cause the death of
the owner of the house - the builder shall be put to death.

2. If it cause the death of the son of the owner of the house - they shall
put to death a son of the builder.

3. If it cause the death of a slave of the owner of the house - he shall

give to the owner of the house a slave of equal value.

4. If it destroy property, he shall restore whatever it destroyed, and

because he did not make the house which he built firm and it collapsed,
he shall rebuild the house which collapsed at his own expense.

5. If the builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction
meet the requirements and a wall fall in, that builder shall strengthen the
wall at his own expense.
 The Code of Practice
An approved industry code of practice is a practical
guide to achieving the standard of health and safety
required by the Occupational Health and Safety Act
and Regulations for a particular area of work.

In summary an approved industry code of practice:

• gives practical guidance on how the required
standard of health and safety can be achieved in an
area of work.
• should be followed, unless there is an alternative
course of action which achieves the same or better
standard of health and safety in the workplace.
• can be used in support of the preventive
enforcement provisions of the Occupational Health
and Safety Act.
• can be used to support prosecution for failing to
comply with or contravening the Act or Regulations.
Ethical considerations about Occupational
Health and Safety

1.The ethical and philosophical aspects of

what work is about and how we need to
change many things in society to improve
occupational health and safety to the benefit
of all is considered next.
2. Work is regarded an essential component in
human development.
3. Ethical obligation to create not only a safe
work environment but also a socially healthy
and rewarding work place.
 Does the System Work
• If companies are not motivated by
the financial losses, and
companies won't motivate
individuals to manage safety
properly for humane reasons -
what is left?
• The Media and Poor Publicity?
The Law?
 The OH&S Laws in Indonesia

• Guidelines and procedures for

occupational safety inspection of
installation, instruments, and
techniques used in natural gas
exploitation and geothermal
resources exploitation (Decision of
the Directorate General of Natural Oil
and Gas No.84K/38/DJM/1998
 Regulation of 1978 on the requirements of
appointment, authority and obligation of the safety
inspector and expert

General safety, health and conditions of

Indonesia; information of personnel; labour
inspectors; law; plant safety organization;
plant safety supervision; qualifications;
role of labour inspection; safety officers.
 Act No.1 of 1970 on safety

Full text of the law regulating safety in the

workplace in Indonesia. Aspects covered:
scope; responsibilities of government,
employers and workers; definition of safe
working conditions; setting up of safety
and health committees.
 Act No.2 of 1951 to bring the Injuries Act No.33 of 1947 into
operation throughout Indonesia; Government Regulation No.3 of
1951 to bring the Injury Regulation No.2 of 1947 into operation
throughout Indonesia

The Act defines the details of providing workmen's

compensation for occupational accidents and
diseases. Contents: liability of the employer;
enterprises covered by the law (virtually all
economic sectors: manufacturing, mining,
construction, transport, agriculture, forestry,
fishing); workers covered (all except government
employees, who are protected by other legislation,
and most workers working in their homes); kinds
and amounts of compensation payments and
benefits; exemptions from the obligation to pay
benefits; administration and supervision of the Act.
The Regulation provides details on the enforcement
of the Act. Both the Act and the Regulation is
accompanied by explanatory texts.
 Special Regulation of the Director of Public Works
No.119966/STW dated 19 Aug. 1910 (Supplementary
State Gazette No.8600 as amended by Chief of Safety
Inspection decision No.S60/1/2/ dated 9 Mar. 1929)

Regulations originally enacted by the Government of

the Netherlands Indies, but updated till 1962 and
considered to be valid under the provisions of the
1970 Safety Act (see CIS 85-1791). Main provisions
concern: machine safety; special rules regarding
first aid (prescribed contents of first-aid kits); special
provisions concerning: sugar factories, fire
protection of premises where easily combustible
substances are present, film-projection facilities in
cinemas, workplaces where white lead is used,
installations for the manufacturing of acetylene gas,
factories where explosive materials are present,
safety measures in connection with the use of
buoyancy tanks, factories where glass or glass
products are produced.
Regulation of 1995 on occupational
safety and health service companies

This Regulation entered into force 15 Oct.

1995. It cancels Decree No.Kep-
1261/Men/1988. Topics: electricity; fire
prevention; Indonesia; inspection; law;
lighting; machinery; occupational
medicine; plant health services;
responsibilities of employers; safety
officers; subcontractors.
Regulation No.PER/01/MEN/1981 on the
obligatory report[ing] on occupational
diseases

This Regulation provides a list of 30

diseases and types of diseases whose
occurrence in workers must be reported to
the appropriate authorities. The list is
essentially identical to Schedule I of the
ILO's Employment Injury Benefits
Convention, 1964 (No.121), as amended
in 1980.
Regulation No.PER/02/MEN/1980 on medical
examination of workers in providing safety

Regulation concerning pre-

employment, periodic and special
medical examination of workers in
Indonesian enterprises.
 Guideline and procedure for occupational safety
inspection of installations, instruments and techniques
used in natural oil and gas exploitation and geothermal
resource exploitation - Decision of the Director General
of Natural Oil and Gas No.84.K/38/DJM/1998

This Decision requires the holding of

regular safety inspections in the natural oil
and gas industry. Topics: Indonesia;
inspection; law; occupational safety;
petroleum and natural gas industry; safety
checks
Joint Decision between [the] Minister of Manpower and [the]
Minister of Public Works No.KEP-174/MEN/86 and
No.104/KPTS/1986 on safety and health at locations of
construction activities

The Joint Decision contains legal guidance on

maintaining proper safety and health conditions on
construction sites. Contents: general requirements
(obligations of contractors, safety and health
organisation, first aid); workplaces and equipment;
scaffolds; ladders and stairs; lifting appliances;
ropes, chains etc.; machinery (general provisions);
equipment; underground work; excavation work; pile
driving; concrete construction; miscellaneous
operations (includes electrical safety and
explosions); demolition work
 Regulation No.PER/01/MEN/1980 on
safety and health in building construction

Contents of this Regulation: definition

of terms; workplaces and equipment;
scaffolds; ladders and stairs; lifting
appliances; ropes, chains and
accessories; machinery; construction
equipment; underground construction;
excavation; pile driving; concrete work;
other building operations; demolition
 Regulation of 1986 on safety and health
conditions in work sites managing pesticide

Topics: age limit; Indonesia; law; medical

examinations; personal protective
equipment; pesticide poisoning; pesticide
spraying; pesticides; qualifications;
responsibilities; safety training in industry;
sanitary facilities; storage; warning
notices; washing facilities
 Government Regulation No.7 (1973)
concerning the control of the sale, storage and
use of pesticides

Regulation outlining the system of permits

necessary for the sale, storage and use of
pesticides in Indonesia
 The White Lead Ordinance

Ordinance originally enacted by the

Government of the Netherlands Indies. It
bans the processing and, except when
used for scientific or medical purposes, or
when under special dispensation, the
importation, storage or sale of white lead
Regulation No.PER/02/MEN/1983 on automatic fire
alarm installations

Contents of this Regulation: definitions;

general requirements for the installation of
automatic fire alarm systems;
maintenance and testing; heat, smoke and
flame detection systems. In the appendix:
fire alarm symbols
Regulation No.PER/04/MEN/1980 on conditions
for the installation and maintenance of portable
fire extinguishers

Contents of this Regulation: general

provisions (classification of fires and
portable fire extinguishers); installation;
maintenance. In the appendix: examples
of indicative signs; tables showing a
classification of fires and portable fire
extinguishers; table showing inspection,
recharging and pressure test periods
Ministerial Decision No.158 of 1972 on [the] joint, crash
and concerned operation programme for the
preventing, fighting and guarding against fire

Ministerial decision designed to implement

an effective fire-fighting programme in
Indonesian workplaces. In appendices: I -
Implementation of the fire-fighting provisions
of the Safety Act of 1970 (see CIS 85-1791);
implementing guidelines for the above
(organisation; functions of management). II -
Appointment of officials having authority to
appoint fire safety experts. III - Nomination
form for the appointment of experts. IV -
Checklist / tables to be used in fire
prevention programmes within enterprises
Guidelines on Protection of Radiation Impacts -
Decree of the Minister of Health
No.1217/MENKES/SK/XI/2001 dated Nov. 19,
2001

Translation of a decree establishing basic

guidelines for the monitoring of activities
involving ionizing and non-ionizing
radiation at above permitted radiation
levels. It also foresees appropriate early
warning actions, data gathering,
coordination of intervention teams, and
training and supervision of qualified
radiation safety personnel
Government Regulation - Safety and health
against utilization of ionizing radiation

This Regulation was introduced in order to

implement Art.16 of Law No.10/1997 on
Nuclear Power. Contents: general
provisions; scope and objective; system of
dose limitation; establishment of a radiation
safety management system; calibration of
measuring devices; control of radiation
accidents. Government Regulation 11/1975
concerning safety against radiation (see CIS
91-1077) is repealed
 Joint Decree of the Minister of Health and the
Head of Agency for Nuclear Power Control -
Safety promotion and control over utilization of
nuclear power in area of health

This Decree establishes a Cooperation

Commission in order to supervise the
control and safe use of radioactive
substances in health-care establishments
 Regulation of the Government of
Indonesia No.11 of 1975 concerning
safety against radiation
The Regulation outlines the main
provisions concerning protection against
ionising radiation in Indonesian
workplaces where there is a risk of
radioactivity: establishment of exposure
limits; appointment of radiation protection
officials; medical supervision of workers;
emergency procedures. In annex:
explanatory texts
 Regulation No.PER/01/MEN/1982
concerning pressure vessel[s]

Contents of this Regulation: definitions;

detailed safety and health requirements
connected with the use of pressure vessels;
transport; design and construction of
pressure vessels; installation, repairs and
modification. In the schedules: table
presenting testing and permitted working
pressures, required volumes and maximum
testing intervals for 41 gases stored in
liquefied or compressed fashion, or
dissolved in water or acetone
Regulation No.PER/05/MEN/1978 on safety and
health conditions in the use of electric lifts for
the transportation of passengers and goods

Contents of this Regulation: definiton of

terms; installation, use and alteration of
lifts; safe operation of lifts; maintenance
Ministerial Regulation No.PER/01/MEN/1978 on
safety and health in tree felling and log
transportation

Contents of this Regulation: definition of

terms; safety standards for: timber
cruising; tree felling; use of forestry
tractors; loading operations; transportation
by truck, locomotive or ship; obligations of
employers
 Steam Ordinance of 1930 amending Steam
Regulation No.42 of 1924; Steam Regulation of
1930

Ordinance and Regulation originally

enacted by the Government of the
Netherlands Indies. They concern the safe
operation of steam-operated pressure
vessels. Topics covered: approval of
designs; permits; supervision