• GROUP MEMBERS

HYPERTENSION • MUHAMMAD TALHA

• AMIR MUNIR
and ANGINA • MUHAMMAD SADIQ NASEER
PECTORIS • RIZWANULLAH KHAN
• MIAN ABDUL HAMEED
HYPERTENSION
INTRODUCTION
Long-term medical
condition in which the blood
pressure in the arteries is
persistently elevated

Secondary
Primary (essential)
hypertension
hypertension
5-10%
90-95%
SYMPTOMS
• Silent killer
• Heart, blood vessels,
and other organs, such
as the kidneys

Anxiety Sleeping Blushing

Sweating problems
CAUSES Primary (essential)
hypertension
• It tends to develop
gradually over many
years

• Hormone activity in
people who manage blood • Environmental factors,
volume and pressure using such as stress and lack
medication of exercise
CONTINUE…

Thyroid
Illegal
problems
Secondary hypertension drugs
• It tends to appear
suddenly and cause
higher blood pressure
than does primary
hypertension.

Kidney
problems Medication
PREVENTION
• For preventing hypertension:
• maintain normal body weight for adults (e.g. body mass index 20–25 kg/m2)
• reduce dietary sodium intake to <100 mmol/ day (<6 g of sodium chloride or <2.4
g of sodium per day)
• engage in physical activity such as brisk walking (≥30 min per day, most days of
the week)
• limit alcohol consumption
• consume a diet rich in fruit and vegetables
Drugs to Treat High Blood Pressure
• There are several types of drugs used to treat high blood pressure,
including:
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
• Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
• Diuretics
• Beta-blockers
• Calcium channel blockers
• Alpha-blocker
• Renin inhibitors
• Combination medications
ANGINA PECTORIS
• Angina pectoris is chest pain or
discomfort caused when your heart
muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich
blood. The discomfort also can occur in
your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or
back
 SYMPTOMS
• Symptoms of angina include:
• Chest pain or discomfort, such as
tightening of the chest
• Discomfort in the jaw, neck, arms,
upper abdomen, shoulder or back
• Fatigue
• Sweating
• Nausea
• Dizziness
 CAUSES
• Angina results when there is an imbalance between the heart's
oxygen demand and supply.
• This imbalance can result from an increase in demand (e.g., during
exercise) without a proportional increase in supply
• However, the pathophysiology of angina in females varies significantly
as compared to male’s Non-obstructive coronary disease is more
common in females Pathophysiology
Medical problems
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypoxemia
• Profound anaemia
• Uncontrolled hypertension.

Cardiac problems
• Tachyarrhythmia Bradyarrhythmia
• Valvular heart disease,
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Diagnosis
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
This test records the electrical activity of the heart, which is used to
diagnose heart abnormalities such as arrhythmias or to show
ischemia (lack of oxygen and blood) to the heart.
• Stress test without imaging:
This heart-monitoring test is used to help evaluate how well the heart
performs with activity. During a stress test, you will usually be asked to
perform physical exercise, like walking on a treadmill.
An ECG is recorded during the period of exercise.
If you are unable to perform exercise, pharmaceuticals that mimic the
heart's response to exercise may be used.
CONTIN...
• Blood tests:
The tests can identify certain enzymes such as troponin that leak into
the blood after your heart has suffered severe angina or a heart attack.
• Blood tests can also identify elevated cholesterol, LDL
and triglycerides that place you at higher risk for coronary artery
disease and therefore angina.
Treatment

Certain lifestyle changes such as

• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Consuming a balanced diet low in fats
• Discontinuing the use of tobacco products
• Finding ways to reduce stress help is treatment of angina
Medication
• Aspirin
• Statins
• Beta-blockers
• Calcium channel blockers
• Nitrates.
 Angioplasty and vascular stenting

In selected cases, following appropriate testing, your This procedure, which uses balloons and/or stents, is
doctor may perform angioplasty and stenting. performed to open the blockage in the coronary
arteries and improve blood flow to the heart
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)

• This surgery increases blood

flow to the heart by using a
vein, or an artery from
elsewhere in the body to
divert blood flow around
the area of narrowing or
blockage in the coronary
arteries of the heart.
 Classification
• Stable angina
• This is the most common type of angina.
• It occurs when the heart is working harder
than usual.
• Stable angina has a regular pattern. (“Pattern”
refers to how often the angina occurs, how
severe it is, and what factors trigger it.)
• The pain usually goes away a few minutes after
you rest or take your angina medicine.
• Stable angina isn't a heart attack, but it
suggests that a heart attack is more likely to
happen in the future. Stable angina
 Unstable angina
• This doesn't follow a pattern. It
may occur more often and be
more severe than stable angina.
Unstable angina also can occur
with or without physical exertion,
and rest or medicine may not
relieve the pain. Unstable angina
is very dangerous and requires
emergency treatment. This type
of angina is a sign that a heart
attack may happen
soon. Unstable Angina
Variant angina

• Rare
• A spasm in a coronary artery causes this type of angina. Variant
angina usually occurs while you're at rest, and the pain can
be severe. It usually happens between midnight and early
morning. Medicine can relieve this type of angina.