Mobile Computing

Pendahuluan

1
2 Tujuan Umum
 Membentuk dan menumbuhkan pengetahuan
dan pemahaman mengenai konsep dasar
komunikasi mobile dan nirkabel, yang
mencakup teknologi jaringan, protokol, dan
aplikasi.
 Membentuk dan menumbuhkan kemampuan
dalam mengimplementasikan protokol maupun
mengembangkan aplikasi-aplikasi mobile dan
wireless sederhana.
3 Tujuan Khusus
 Mahasiswa mengetahui dan mampu
memahami dasar-dasar teknologi mobile dan
nirkabel.
 Mahasiswa mampu memahami konsep yang
melatarbelakangi perancangan protokol mobile
dan nirkabel.
 Mahasiswa mampu mengembangkan aplikasi-
aplikasi mobile dan wireless.
4 Lingkup Bahasan
 Overview Sistem Komunikasi Bergerak:
Memberikan overview tentang frekuensi, transmisi
radio, sinyal dan propagasi, multiplexing, modulasi,
dan medium access control pada jaringan mobile dan
wireless, spread spectrum, dan sistem seluler.
Memberikan uraian mengenai arsitektur dan protokol
beberapa teknologi komunikasi mobile.
 Aplikasi Internet Mobile berbasis WAP :
Memberikan uraian mengenai beberapa implementasi
dan tools untuk mendukung pengaksesan internet
melalui perangkat mobile dan wireless.
 Pemrograman Divais berbasis JAVA :
Memberikan uraian mengenai dasar-dasar
pemrograman mobile devices.
 Mobile Computing

Motivasi

5
6 Mengapa Wireless & Mobile
 Trend pemakaian komputer & komunikasi mobile
meningkat
 Aplikasi:
– Kendaraan
– Emergencies
– Bisnis
– Menggantikan wired networks
– Hiburan
– Layanan yang bergantung lokasi
7 Masalah Pada Wireless & Mobile
 Mobile device
– Power consumption
– Loss of data
– Antar muka terbatas
– Memori terbatas
 Wireless
– Higher loss rate
– Pembatasan frekuensi (regulasi)
– Bandwidth kecil
– Delay tinggi
– Keamanan rendah
– Shared medium
8 Pengertian Nirkabel

 Sistem Komunikasi menggunakan frekuensi/spektrum

radio, yang memungkinkan transmisi
(pengiriman/penerimaan) informasi (suara, data, gambar,
video) tanpa koneksi fisik
 Dibedakan dari sistem transmisi yang memerlukan koneksi
fisik, seperti kabel/kawat tembaga atau fiber optik
 Bersifat tetap (fixed) atau bergerak (mobile)
 Dibatasi oleh ketersediaan spektrum (pita frekuensi),
karena adanya interferensi (saling mengganggu) jika
digunakan bersama
9 Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Dapat dilakukan “dimana saja” (mobile)

 Bisa bersifat lebih personal
 Dibatasi oleh sifat antarmuka terminal:
– Layar kecil (ponsel) sampai menengah (laptop)
– Tombol terbatas
– Daya terbatas
10 Pemanfaatan Teknologi Nirkabel
 Layanan Bersifat tetap (fixed):
– Penggunaan sekitar rumah (Cordless-DECT)
– Sambungan lokal (wireless local loop-WLL)
– Bluetooth: jarak pendek, kecepatan rendah
– WiFi: jarang menengah, kecepatan cukup tinggi
– WIMAX: jarak jauh, kecepatan tinggi
– Satellite: jangkauan luas, kecepatan menengah
– RFID: jangkauan sangat kecil
 Layanan Bersifat bergerak (mobile):
– Limited Mobility (Flexi)
– Cellular (GSM, CDMA, 3G)
– Satellite (GMPCS)
11 Berbagai Teknologi Nirkabel
Degree of mobility

UMTS
Driving

CDMA
Systems
GSM beyond 3G
GPRS >2010

UMTS
Walking

HSDPA
EDGE EV-DO
EV-DV IEEE
802.16e
FlashOFDM
(802.20)
Standing

DECT
WLAN
(IEEE 802.11x) IEEE
BlueTooth 802.16a,d
0.1 1 10 100 Mbps
User data rate
12 Standard Nirkabel

IEEE 802.15.4 Sensors RFID

(BAN) (AutoID Center)
IEEE 802.21, IEEE 802.18 802.19

(Zigbee Alliance)
BAN: Body Area Network
RAN
IEEE 802.22
WAN
3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)
IEEE 802.20 3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)
IEEE 802.16e GSMA, OMA

IEEE 802.16d MAN ETSI HiperMAN &

WiMAX HIPERACCESS

IEEE 802.11 LAN ETSI-BRAN

Wi-Fi Alliance HiperLAN2

IEEE 802.15.3 PAN ETSI

UWB, Bluetooth
HiperPAN
Wi-Media,
BTSIG, MBOA
13 System Evolution Scenario
st 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation
Generation 1 Generation
Digital voice & Voice & High speed ALL-IP Broadband
(Cellular) Analog voice
Low rate data data Ubiquitous & Seamless
Multimedia

1000 WLAN++

WLAN+
rate
Maximum transmission

802.11n, etc.
4G
TRmax Mbps

100 WiMAX
WLAN
802.11a,HiSWANa, UWB, etc.
HIPERLAN2, etc.
（ 3G+
10 Nomadic HSDPA,
cdma2000(3X), etc.
）
3G
1 Bluetooth, etc.
W-CDMA,
Local Cdma2000, etc.

0.1
2G+
Mobile PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
2G
0.01 PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
～1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year
14 GSM Evolution

UMTS
GSM CS GSM GPRS
Up to 2 Mbps
Up to 9,6 Kbps Up to 115 kbps
or 384 in mobility

2G GSM HSCSD 3G
Up to 38,4 kbps 2.5G

EDGE

Operators prefer choose direct going to GPRS technology rather than going to
GSM HSCSD technology because no HSCSD handset availability and short time stage
15 CDMA Standards Evolution

IS-2000 1X 144 Kbps

IS-95A CDMA IS-95B CDMA
600 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DO
Voice, packet- Voice, packet-
9.6/14.4 Kbps 64 Kbps 600 Kbps; 2.4 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DV
2-5 Mbps peak

All IP

Source: CDMA2000-A world view

16 IMT-2000 (Family of Standards)

IMT-2000 Terrestrial
Radio Interfaces

IMT-2000 IMT-2000 IMT-2000 IMT-2000 IMT-2000

CDMA CDMA CDMA TDMA FDMA/
Direct Spread Multi Carrier TDD Single Carrier TDMA

WCDMA CDMA2000 UTRA TDD UWC-136/ DECT

(UMTS) 1X and 3X And TD-SCDMA EDGE

CDMA TDMA FDMA

17 Berbagai jenis Content & Aplikasi
18 Intermezzo

Dengan teknologi tidur nirkabel, yang kirim email dan fax

dalam mimpiku, bisa kirim juga ke orang-orang dalam
mimpimu, sayang
 Mobile Computing

Wireless Communication &

Achitecture Mobile Devices

19
20 4. Wireless Communication
 Transmisis suara dan data menggunakan
gelombang elektromagnetik menuju ruang
bebas
 Gelombang elektromagnetik
 Kecepatan cahaya (c = 3x108 m/s)
 Memiliki frekuensi (f) dan panjang gelombang (l)
 c=fxl
 Penggunaan frekuensi lebih tinggi umumnya medium
meredam lebih besar
21 Spektrum frekuensi
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16

Radio Micro Cosmic

IR UV X-Rays
Spectrum wave Rays

104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm
Visible light < 30 KHz VLF
30-300KHz LF
300KHz – 3MHz MF
3 MHz – 30MHz HF
30MHz – 300MHz VHF
300 MHz – 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF
22 Contoh : panjang gelombang
 GSM :
– Frekuensi ~= 900 Mhz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 33cm
 PCS
– Frekuensi ~= 1.8 Ghz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 17.5 cm
 Bluetooth:
– Frekuensi ~= 2.4Gz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 12.5cm
23 Frequency Carrier/Kanal
– Informasi yang dikirim menuju receiver dilewatkan pada
band frekuensi tertentu.
 Disebut sebagai kanal (channel)
– Tiap kanal memiliki bandwidth yang tetap (dalam KHz)
dan kapasitas (bit-rate)
– Band frekuensi yang berbeda (atau kanal) dapat
digunakan untuk mentransmisikan informasi secara
paralel dan independen (konsep multiple access).
24 Example
– Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base
frequency b for communication between stations A and B
– Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
– There are 3 channels
– Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)
– For full duplex communication:
 Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)

 Use time division in a channel

Channel 1 (b - b+30)
Station A Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Station B
Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)
25 5. Simplex Communication
 Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit
only in one way.
 This is called simplex transmision
 To enable two-way communication (called full-
duplex communication)
 We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
 We can use Time Division Multiplexing
26 Duplex Communication - FDD
 FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

Mobile Forward Channel Base Station

Terminal B
Reverse Channel
M

Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency

bands
27 Duplex Communication - TDD
 TDD: Time Division Duplex

Mobile Base Station

Terminal M B M B M B
B
M

A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time

slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots
alternately.
 Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation in U.S.
28 Cellular Radio Service

Reverse Channel Forward Channel

991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799

824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz

Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)

Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 825.0
991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0

Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0

991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz
29 6. What is Mobility
 Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is
designed assuming the user terminals are
static
 No change of location during a call/connection
 A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed
location
 Mobility and portability
– Portability means changing point of attachment to
the network offline
– Mobility means changing point of attachment to the
network online
30 Degrees of Mobility
 Walking Users
 Low speed
 Small roaming area
 Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access

 Vehicles
 High speeds
 Large roaming area
 Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
 Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)
31 What is Mobility
 Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is
designed assuming the user terminals are static
 No change of location during a call/connection
 A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed
location
 Mobility and portability
– Portability means changing point of attachment to the
network offline
– Mobility means changing point of attachment to the
network online
32 Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

1200

1000

GSM total
Subscribers [million]

800
TDMA total
CDMA total
600 PDC total
Analogue total
Total wireless
400
Prediction (1998)

200

0
year
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
33
FDMA Development of mobile telecommunication systems

CT0/1
AMPS
NMT CT2
IMT-FT
IS-136 DECT
TDMA
TDMA

EDGE IMT-SC
D-AMPS
IS-136HS
GSM GPRS
UWC-136
PDC
IMT-DS
UTRA FDD / W-CDMA
IMT-TC
UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA
CDMA

IMT-TC
TD-SCDMA
IS-95 IMT-MC
cdma2000 1X
cdmaOne cdma2000 1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
1G 2G 2.5G 3G (3X)
34 GSM: overview
OMC, EIR,
AUC
HLR
GMSC
NSS fixed network
with OSS

VLR MSC MSC

VLR

BSC
BTS
BSC

BTS BTS
RSS BSS

BTS
BTS
MS
35 GSM: elements and interfaces

radio cell
BSS
MS MS

Um radio cell
BSS: Base Station subsystem
RSS BTS MS
BTS: Base transfer station
BSC: Base Station Controller
MS: Mobile Station
BTS MSC: Mobile Switching Center
VLR:Visitor Location Register
Abis HLR: Home location Register
BSC BSC
GMSC: Gateway MSC
IWF: InterWorking Function
A
AUC: Authentication Center
EIR: Equipment Identity Register
MSC MSC OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center
PDN: Public Data Network
NSS signallng PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
VLR VLR
ISDN, PSTN ISDN: Integrated Service Digital Network
HLR GMSC
PDN
IWF
O

OSS
EIR AUC OMC
36 GSM: system architecture
radio network and fixed
subsystem switching subsystem partner networks

MS MS
ISDN
PSTN
Um MSC

BTS Abis
BSC EIR
BTS

SS7
HLR

BTS VLR
BSC ISDN
BTS MSC PSTN
A
BSS IWF
PSPDN
CSPDN
37 System architecture: radio subsystem
radio network and switching
subsystem subsystem

MS MS
Components
– MS (Mobile Station)
Um – BSS (Base Station Subsystem):
Abis consisting of
BTS
BSC MSC  BTS (Base Transceiver
BTS
Station):
sender and receiver
 BSC (Base Station Controller):
controlling several transceivers
A
BTS
MSC
Interfaces
BSC
BTS – Um : radio interface
BSS – Abis : standardized, open interface with
16 kbit/s user channels
– A: standardized, open interface with
64 kbit/s user channels
38 System architecture: network and switching subsystem
network fixed partner
subsystem networks
Components
 MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center):
ISDN  IWF (Interworking Functions)
PSTN
MSC
 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
 PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
EIR  PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.)
 CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Net.)
SS7

HLR
Databases
 HLR (Home Location Register)
VLR  VLR (Visitor Location Register)
ISDN  EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
MSC
PSTN
IWF
PSPDN
CSPDN