Pokhara University

Nepal Engineering College

Center for Post Graduate Studies

Thesis Final Presentation

On
“LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING USING GIS IN HILLY REGIONS: A CASE
STUDY OF TEMAL RURAL MUNICIPALITY, KAVRE DISTRICT”

By
Subash Khadka.
December, 2018 014-1028
 INTRODUCTION
 Landslides: Major hazards causing greater extent of loss of life, properties and
environmental impacts .
Occurrence of Landslides: Average shear stress of the hill slope material > than the
average shear resistance.
 Factors: topography and geomorphology factor, vegetation factor, lithology,
geological structure, hydrological and human induced factors. These factors are
key for regional landslide predictions.
 Landslide susceptibility maps: Indicate the possibility of landslides occurring
throughout a given area.
 Geographic Information System (GIS): Powerful tool for data storage, analysis,
modeling and cartography.
• Using of GIS in landslide hazard assessment has been increasing constantly in
recent years.
 INTRODUCTION…
Nepal
• landlocked country characterized by a rugged topography, very high relief,
variable climatic conditions, complex geological structure with active
tectonic process and continued seismic activities.
• fragile geology and steep topography make as one of the most disaster
prone country in the world.
• unplanned settlements and physical constructions without due consideration
to the natural hazards are considerably aggravating the mountain
environment (Deoja et al., 1991).
• Flood, landslide, fire are the most frequent natural disasters in Nepal and
epidemic like diarrhea have also affected the country so far.
 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
 Landslide Trends in Nepal
• In 5 years span (2012-2016 A.D.): 537 deaths, 246 missing and 379
injured with total Loss of more than 10 million USD. (Exchange rate at
Dec 1, 2017) (source: NEOC, MOHA, GON)
• EQ triggered landslides followed by monsoon triggered landslides in 2016
only contribute almost 29% of these total losses.
• In the year 2017 A.D. : 156 landslides, 66 deaths with the estimated loss of
NRs. 61543000. (reports from NEOC DRR Portal)
 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM…
 Area under Sunkoshi River in Northern side and BP highway to Southern part.
 The Most common landslide area where large Sunkoshi River has added risk
of landslide along its area.
 Area of Settlements susceptible to landslide hazard along Sunkoshi River and
within Temal Rural Municipality and other environmental impacts.
 Role of Alternative Major Highway- BP Highway to connect the central part of
Nepal i.e. central business area, Kathmandu is vulnerable to Landslides.
 The random and inappropriate method of newly constructed road within
Study Area in the steep terrain has increases the further risk of landslides in the
area as well as added challenges for upcoming developmental projects.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 scenario of the landslide hazard

 Rural Planning based on LSM
 Guidance and Regulation of ongoing developmental activities
 Beneficiate Local Government to plan the reallocation of the
settlements as well as to take mitigation measures in the
landslide prone areas through its identification
 Expected to be useful for scientific purposes and to the future
researchers.
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 What are the scenarios of existing landslides in the study area?

 What are the major areas which are susceptible to landslide in

the study area?

 What are the major settlements areas at the risk of landslide

hazard in study area and along the road corridors of BP
highway connecting the study area?
 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
•General Objective
To prepare the Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Hilly region with case
study of Temal Rural Municipality.
•Specific objectives
 To prepare Landslide Inventory Map.
 To prepare GIS based Landslide Susceptibility Map of Temal Rural
Municipality of Kavre District.
 To identify area of landslide in the study area
 and area of settlements at different landslide hazard susceptibility zones.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

 SCOPE
The picture of existing field instability conditions.
Important terrain factors and other factors that
contribute to the occurrences of landslide in this area
are identified.
 Corresponding thematic data layers are generated.
 Data layers represents the Geographical and
Topographical condition of the terrain etc.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
 LIMITATIONS
 The study is based according to old Administrative division
of Nepal.
 May due to lesser field visit and appropriate machine, soil
thickness data was not be generalized.
 Extrinsic parameters were not considered, thus only
susceptibility mapping was done.
 Data of road corridor could not be available smoothly.
 The data for analysis was procured from Department of
Survey. The changes occurred after the preparation of data
is not reflected in the analysis.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Abbreviated version of Varnes' classification of slope movements.
(Cruden & Varnes, 1996)
concept of landslide hazard. (Couture et al., 2013)

method of creating the maps involves several qualitative or

quantitative techniques. (Guzzetti, 1999)

Use of GIS as useful tool for Landslide Susceptibility Analysis to

process multiple variables in systematic manners. (Lee & Min, 2001)
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 GIS is an efficient tool used commonly in landslide susceptibility mapping to
identify in advance potential landslide-prone areas, by applying different
models and approaches. (Mezughi et al., 2011)

 Heuristics (Knowledge Based) Approach. (van Westen, 2004)

 Various methods of hazard assessment have been proposed and demonstrated in

Nepal. (Brundsen et al., 1975; Kojan, 1978)

 Validation of Susceptibility Mapping. (Chung & Fabbri, 2003)

 LITERATURE REVIEW

 Landslide inventory mapping is accepted as the first stage of landslide hazard

mitigation efforts. (Ercanoglu et al., 2004)

 the landslides hazard can be assessed in the terms of probability of occurrence

of a potentially damaging landslide phenomenon within a specific period of
time and within a given area and landslide classification. Varnes (1984)

 Landslide susceptibility mapping is addressed without considering the extrinsic

variables in determining the probability of occurrence of a landslide event. (
Dai et al. 2001; Dahal et al. (2008)
 LITERATURE REVIEW

 The intrinsic variables determines the susceptibility of landslides and include

bedrock geology, geomorphology, soil depth, soil type, slope gradient, slope
aspect, slope convexity and concavity , elevation, engineering properties of
soil, land use pattern, drainage patterns and so on. (Atkinson & R., 1998)

 Landslide susceptibility studies through heuristic, deterministic and statically

approach. (Kawatani, (1986); Van Westen and Bonilla (1990); Van
Westen (2000);Lee and Min (2001); Dai et al. 2005)
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 In the modern era, landslide susceptibility is evaluated by GIS (geographical
information system by using Heuristic approach. (Bhandari, (2017)

 A case study in Garhwal Himalaya, India, Mountain Research and

Development. (Sarkar, S., D.P. Kanungo, and G.S. Mehrotra, 1995.
Landslide hazard zonation)

 Many popular published literatures on landslide hazard mapping mainly deal

with landslide susceptibility mapping.
 STUDY AREA
 Located in Province 3, at

Kavrepalanchowk district .

 Covers an area of 89 Sq.km

 Population (2011) of 22,712

 Geographical Location extends from

665000 m (W) to 680000 m (E) and

3036000 m (S) to 3053000 m (N)

 STUDY AREA
Features of Temal Rural Municipality
Name of place: Temal Rural Municipality
Geographical Location: Central Development
Region
Zone: Bagmati Zone
District: Kavre
Altitude of lowest point: 540 m
Altitude of highest point: 2040 m
Climate: Sub-tropical
 STUDY AREA
.
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND APPROACH
 Heuristic approach
 Qualitative map combination approach
 Relative weighting values are assigned to the factors and their classes on
the basis of field knowledge and experience
 Technique of qualitative map combination by developing a rating
system, which is based on the relative importance of factors influencing
slope instability in the study area.
 METHODOLOGY
SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF METHOD OF RESEARCH
FLOW DIAGRAM OF PREPARATION OF
LSM IN GIS ENVIRONMENT
 DATA COLLECTION
 Primary Data
 Field locations and Area of different landslides of the most hazardous
places were identified.
 Information regarding the parameters of the study area was recorded in
the field.
 Verification of the location of landslide was done and recorded in the
field as the primary data.
 The situation of land use pattern and condition of settlement were also
explored during the visit in Temal area.
 DATA COLLECTION

 Secondary Data
 Desk study
• To gather as much information on the landslides.
• Other likely problems related to study that have been prevailing in the
community.
 The area to be assessed was located in available topographic map (scale not less
than 1:25000 if needed).
 Different digital factors maps such as land use, hydro map, transportation map,
topographic map and counter map are used to prepare landslide hazard mapping
which is provided by the department of survey of Nepal.
 Landslide inventory map was produced by the study of existing data and Google
earth images.
 DATA ANALYSIS
 Digital Data from Survey Department
• Grid Data (A12, B11, C08 and D07)
• Geology Data
• Soil type Data
 Creation of Contour Map using GIS tool.
 Creation of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in GIS.
 DATA ANALYSIS

 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

• Counter Map (Vector data) Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)

DEM (Raster data)

Analysis of DEM using GIS tool

Slope Map Aspect Map Plan Curvature Map

 DATA ANALYSIS

 Land_arc (vector) Land_arc (Raster) Land use Map

 Trans_line (vector) Trans_line (Raster) Road Network Map

 Hydro_line (vector) Hydro_line (Raster) Drainage Network Map

 Geological (vector data) Raster data Geological Map

 Soil type (vector data ) Raster data Soil Type map

 DATA ANALYSIS

 Following Eight Different Maps are created in GIS.

1. Slope Map 5. Road network Map,

2. Aspect Map 6. Drainage network Map

3. Plan Curvature Map 7. Soil type Map

4. Land use Map 8. Geological Map

 DATA ANALYSIS
 Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) / Index based Analysis Method
(Deoja et al., 1991);

Where,
LSI denotes landslide susceptibility index
Ri denotes the rank for factor i
Wij denotes the weight of class j of factor i.
• Relative importance of parameter map for slope instability is evaluated
according to the expert’s knowledge and field observations.
• Weightage will be ranging from 1-9, where 1 & 9 shall be low and high
susceptibility respectively.
 DATA ANALYSIS
SLOPE ASPECT LAND COVER
S.No. Aspect Weightag S.No. Land cover type Weightag
S.No. Slope Weightag
1 Name
Flat e
1
e1 1 Barren land 9e
1 0-15 0 2 North 7
3 North- 9 2 Cultivation 9
2 150-250 3 East
4 East 5 3 Sand 9
3 250-350 5 5 South- 8 4 Forest 5
6 East
South 9
4 0
35 -45 0 8 7 South- 8
5 Grass 4

5 9 8 West
West 5 6 River Body 4
450-640
9 North 6 7 Lake & pond 2
West
 DATA ANALYSIS…
DISTANCE FROM DRAINAGE DISTANCE FROM ROADS PLAN CURVATURE
S.No. Distance from drainage Weightag S.No. Distance from Roads Weightag
e9
S.No. Description Weightage
1 0-25 9e 1 0-25

2 25-50 8 2 25-50 8 1 Negative 8

3 50-100 7 3 50-100 7
2 Flat 1
4 50-100 5 4 50-100 5

5 100-150 4
5 100-150 4 3 Positive 9
6 150-200 3
6 150-200 3
7 200-500 2
7 200-500 2
8 500-1000 1
8 500-1000 1
9 1000 & Above 1
 DATA ANALYSIS…
 Landslide Susceptibility Index (LSI) was calculated by summation of all
score values obtained by multiplying weight and rating assigned to
factors and their classes. This was done by using weighted sum tool in
GIS application.

 Reclassification of LSI values into 3 different susceptibility class (High,

Medium and Low) is done by Jenks natural break method.
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
No. of Triggered
SN Area of landslide(M2 )
Landslide Date
1 15 2018 171929.7
2 16 2017 39965.52
3 14 2016 12450.74864
4 7 2015 17470.11558
5 17 2014 67251.21
6 4 2013 4892.73
7 2 2012 18406.73
8 8 2011 13626.53
9 21 2010 80673.31048
10 4 2009 12900.75796
11 8 2006 44294.27
12 14 2004 61198.84
Sum 130 545060.46
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Slope % of
OID range Count area(m2) area
0 0-15 39001 8775225 9.88%
1 15-25 81781 18400725 20.71%
2 25-35 172787 38877075 43.76%
3 35-45 91789 20652525 23.24%
4 45-64 9524 2142900 2.41%
Sum 88848450 100%
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

OID Aspect Count Area(m2) % of Area

1 Flat 3588 807300 0.91%
2 North 24969 5618025 6.32%
3 Northeast 79165 17812125 20.05%
4 East 61390 13812750 15.55%
5 Southeast 38346 8627850 9.71%
6 South 45550 10248750 11.54%
7 Southwest 54726 12313350 13.86%
8 West 36064 8114400 9.13%
9 Northwest 29989 6747525 7.59%
10 North 21095 4746375 5.34%
Sum 88848450 100%
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

% of
OID Curvature Count Area(m2) Area
0 Negative 67917 15281325 17.20%
1 Flat 222047 49960575 56.23%
2 Positive 104918 23606550 26.57%
Sum 88848450 100%
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Distance % of
FID Shape * to Drain Area( m2) Area
0 Polygon 0-25 12695913 8%
1 Polygon 25-50 11966188 7%
2 Polygon 50-75 10629475 7%
3 Polygon 75-100 9173411 6%
4 Polygon 100-150 14943627 9%
5 Polygon 150-200 11465048 7%
6 Polygon 200-500 35117388 22%
500-
7 Polygon 1000 29169453 18%
1000 &
8 Polygon Above 27701793 17%
Sum 162862296 100%
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

FID Shape * Distance to Road Area(m2) % of Area

0 Polygon 0-25 19431543 12%

1 Polygon 25-50 16882889 10%

2 Polygon 50-75 13677659 8%

3 Polygon 75-100 10901421 7%

4 Polygon 100-150 15418048 9%

5 Polygon 150-200 9970164 6%

6 Polygon 200-500 22760377 14%

7 Polygon 500-1000 26792448 16%

8 Polygon 1000 & Above 27437453 17%

16327200
Sum 2 100%
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Row Id Classifications Perimeter( m) Area( m2) % of Area

0 GRASS 9572648.287 9580950 10.78%
1 CULTIVATION 50403219.73 50416875 56.74%
2 BUSHES 19515631.16 19516950 21.97%
3 SAND 1597357.366 1602900 1.80%
4 RIVER BODY 1052863.216 1056150 1.19%
5 FOREST 6142057.895 6141150 6.91%
6 BARREN LAND 40673.26953 40950 0.05%

7 CUTTING LAND 486119.2689 489375 0.55%

8 POND 3167.382813 3150 0.00%

Sum 88848450 100%
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Row Id Class Count Area (m2) % of Area

1 Ranimatta Formation 152503 34313175 38.62%

(Grey Greenish grey gritty phyllites grilstones with

conglomerates and white massive quartzites in the
upper parts, Basic intrusions are noted)
2 Shiprin Khola Formation 9450 2126250 2.39%

(Coarse textured, highly granetiferous muscovite

biotite-quartz schists, calc, silicate rocks light green
chlorite schists and metabasic rocks)
3 Galyang Formation 181967 40942575 46.08%

(Dark grey shales with black limestones, thin

calcareous slates & grey dolomitic limestones, black
carbonaceous slates with fine grained dull calcareous
sandstone beds)
4 Baitadi Beds (Ba) 19517 4391325 4.94%
(Thick beds of grey siliceous dolomites are found at
places, Baitadi beds)
5 Lakharpata Formation 31435 7072875 7.96%

(Fine grained gray pink limestones and dolomitic

limestones)
6 Gn 10 2250 0.00%

(Augen, gneisses, banded gneisses)

Sum 88848450 100.00%
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Row Dominant Soil

Id Count Soil Abbriviation Area(m2) % of Area
Gleyic
0 19316 CMg Cambisols 4346100 4.89%
Eutric
1 290867 CMe Cambisols 65445075 73.66%
Chromic
2 84699 CMx Cambisols 19057275 21.45%
Sum 88848450 100.00%
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
VALIDATION OF LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP

Landslide Landslide
Susceptibility Temal Area(m2)
Area (m2) density

Low Susceptible 22742775 113810.92 0.005004

Moderately
38715300 242292.12 0.006258
Susceptible

Highly Susceptible 27390375 188957.42 0.006898

Total 88848450 545060.46

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
VDC Name Total Low Medium High
settlement susceptible susceptible susceptible
Area (m2) Area (%) Area (%) Area (%)
Mecche 514972 27.86 49.05 23.09
Kuruwas- 255216 29.56 48.44 22.01
Chapakhori
Sarasyunkha 323088 7.41 55.01 37.58
rk
Pokhari- 448360 58.48 32.13 9.39
Narayanstha
n
Saramthali 110841 35.07 50.08 14.85
Boldefecche 195030 13.02 61.27 25.71
Thulo-Parsel 110858 47.28 50.00 2.72

Total 1958365 31.75 47.41 20.84

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• CONCLUSION
 From 2004-2018 A.D: 130 remarkable existing landslides covering
an area of 545060.64 Sq.m
 25.65 % of the area from inventory data was located at slope
greater than 35o
 Land distribution in the Northeast, South, Southeast and Southwest
Aspect of Temal were 20.05%, 11.54%, 9.71% and 13.86%
respectively.
 71.11% of land area was covered by grass, cultivation, sand, river
body, barren land and cutting land
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• CONCLUSION …
 46.08% of area were covered with Galyang Formation
 26% (22.74 km2) of the area was in the low susceptibility zone,
44% (38.7 km2) and 31% (27.39km2) of the area under moderate
and high susceptibility zones
 Landslide density of 0.006898 was observed in high susceptibility
zone
 The total major settlements area was 1958365 m2 in which 31.75%,
47.41% and 20.84% of area lies in low, medium and high
susceptible class respectively.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• RECOMMENDATIONS
 The methodology adopted in this research can be used to prepare LSM of the
neighboring districts and areas, where there are lack of landslide inventories and
information.
 Specially near the High Risk Zones in the Northern region and Southern region of
Temal Rural Municipality, before any development or construction activities, a
detail engineering and geotechnical considerations should be given along with the
integration of Disaster Risk Reduction Measures.
 Geotechnical data should to be collected from unstable slope through
geotechnical investigation to taking suitable remedial measures to control the
vulnerable landslides.
 There should be enough provisions of Gabion and Retaining Walls along the
weak and creeping landmasses
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• RECOMMENDATIONS …
 LDRMP should be prepared and implemented effectively. The
existing local disaster committee should be coordinated by the
current local governments and measures are to be applied to
promote the disaster risk reduction awareness.
 Haphazard road construction should be checked giving due
consideration to drainage provisions.
 Active landslide needs to be monitored every year using high
resolution satellite data.
 Awareness needs to be raised among the people living in High Risk
Area, especially near the creeping landmasses.
REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
Thank you