BASIC GRAMMAR

DISUSUN OLEH:
ELZAR NOPRIAN, A.Md
2118024,P
 DAFTAR ISI
 Nouns
 Adjectives
 Pronouns
 Verbs
 Conjunctions
 Prepositions
 Adverbs
 Interjections
 Tenses
 Determiner
 Nouns
 Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or
ideas.

Example:
 John has a new car, and he parks on the
street under a big tree in Filer.
 Nouns
 Names of persons,  Example:
places, things, feelings, The boy on the
or ideas. red bike hit a bird
 Often indicated by with a rock at the
“noun markers” -- end of the long
a, an, and the. road.
 Nouns
 Names of persons,  Example:
places, things, feelings, Happiness is the
or ideas. preference of every
 “Noun markers” -- action and is the
a, an, and the. tendency toward
 Noun endings: kindness and
-ness, -ment, -ance, contentment.
-ence, -ancy, -ency,
-ity, -ion, -ure.
 Nouns
 Names of persons,  Example:
places, things, feelings, The needs of the
or ideas. masses may conflict
 “Noun markers” -- with expectations of
a, an, and the. the members of
 Noun endings: legislative bodies.
-ness, -ment, -ance,
-ence, -ancy, -ency, -ity,
-ion, -ure.
 Can be made plural
with s or es.
 Nouns
 Names of persons, places, things, feelings,
or ideas.
 “Noun markers” -- a, an, and the.
 Noun endings: -ness, -ment, -ance, -ence,
-ancy, -ency, -ity, -ion, -ure.
 Can be made plural with s or es.
 Verbs
 The action or  The horse ran,
“doing” words in a jumped and kicked
sentence. until it threw the
rider.
 Most verbs make
sense in the blanks
below:
• He _________.
• They ________.
 Verbs
 The action or  Example:
“doing” words in a She is a nice
sentence. person, and we are
 “Linking verbs” show her friends.
being.  Memorize the linking
verbs:
Be, am, is, are, was,
were, been, being.
 Verbs
 The action or  Example:
“doing” words in a  Today I am on a
sentence. bus, and it goes
 “Linking verbs” show past my house.
being.  Yesterday I was on
 Change to show a bus, and it went
time (tense). past my house.
The words that change
are verbs.
 Verbs
 The action or  Always helping verbs:
“doing” words in a Can Will Shall May
sentence. Could Would Should Might
Must
 “Linking verbs” show
 Always verbs, may be
being. helping:
 Change to show • Have, has, had
time (tense). • Do, does, did, done
• Be, am, is, are, was,
 Complete verbs were, been, being
include “helping
verbs.”
 Verbs
 The action or  Example:
“doing” words in a They might have
sentence. been going to the
 “Linking verbs” show store if they could
being. have gotten a ride.
 Change to show
time (tense).
 Complete verbs
include “helping
verbs.”
 Verbs
 The action or “doing” words in a
sentence.
 “Linking verbs” show being.
 Change to show time (tense).
 Complete verbs include “helping
verbs.”
 Adjectives
 Describe or modify  Example:
only nouns. A big, red dump
truck hit a parked
little car and the
worried driver ran
to the other side of
the busy street.
 Adjectives
 Describe or modify only  Example:
nouns.
The three tired
 Answer questions, teens tried to eat a
“what kind?” or large pie at two
“how many?” pizza parlors.
 How many teens? three
 What kind of teens? tired
 What kind of pie? large
 How many parlors? two
 What kind of parlors? pizza
 Adjectives
 Describe or modify only  Example:
nouns.
The way to a smile
 Answer questions,
and an appreciative
“what kind?” or “how
many?” attitude is through
the stomach.
 The “noun markers”
a, an, the are
always adjectives.
 Adjectives
 Describe or modify only  Example:
nouns.
The long, shiny
 Answer questions,
black limousine
“what kind?” or “how
many?” pulled in front of the
 The “noun markers” a, huge old mansion,
an, the are always and a tall, well-
adjectives. dressed older
 Usually “piled up” gentleman got out.
before nouns.
 Adjectives
 Describe or modify only  Example:
nouns.
 Answer questions, “what The river is deep,
kind?” or “how many?” wide and cold, but
 The “noun markers” a, an, the divers are brave
the are always adjectives.
 Usually “piled up” before and well-trained.
nouns. Note: to test these, try
 May follow linking verbs
putting them in front of
and describe the
subject. the noun they modify.
 Adjectives
 Describe or modify only nouns.
 Answer questions, “what kind?” or
“how many?”
 The “noun markers” a, an, the are
always adjectives.
 Usually “piled up” before nouns.
 May follow linking verbs and describe
the subject.
 Pronouns
 Specialized words to  Example:
take the place of Paul gave Emily
nouns. stationery because
he wanted her to
write to him when
she could.
 Pronouns
 Specialized words to  Memorize:
take the place of I he we she they
nouns. me him us her them
 Often refer to people  Other common
and have several pronouns:
forms.
• you, it, this, that,
who, what, someone,
everything, anyone,
and many other
similar words.
 Pronouns
 Specialized words to  Example:
take the place of nouns.
Her red car is faster
 Often refer to people
than my old Ford,
and have several forms.
but their new Honda
 May be possessive, cost more than ours.
showing ownership
 Note the form:
and working like an
I he we she they
adjective.
me him us her them
my his our hers theirs
Others: yours, its, whose
 Pronouns
 Specialized words to take the place of
nouns.
 Often refer to people and have several
forms.
 May be possessive, showing ownership
and working like an adjective.
 Prepositions
 Specialized words to  The man on the bus
start prepositional with a hat on his
phrases. head looked at me
A prepositional phrase and turned toward
is a group of words the window.
describing things
which starts with a
preposition and ends
with a noun or
pronoun.
 Prepositions
 Specialized words to  Memory clue:
start prepositional The rabbit went _____
phrases. the hollow log.
 Most prepositions  Memorize:
are small, common
words indicating at, from, to, on, in,
time, place or into, onto, between,
position. under, over, against,
around, through
 Prepositions
 Specialized words to  Example:
start prepositional
phrases.
The problem with him
 Most prepositions are is that he sleeps
small, common words during the day and
indicating time, place or
position.
spends most of the
 Some prepositions night with his friends.
simply must be  Memorize:
memorized. of, with, for, during
 Prepositions
 Specialized words to start prepositional
phrases.
 Most prepositions are small, common
words indicating time, place or position.
 Some prepositions simply must be
memorized.
 Conjunctions
 Words which “hook”  Example:
words, phrases, or She and I left, but they
sentences. stayed, for Joe or Ted
Memory clue: FAN BOYS.
was coming on the
For But
And Or bus, yet not on time.
Nor Yet
So
 Conjunctions
 Words which “hook  Example:
together” words, I ran when I saw her
phrases, or because I was happy
sentences.
since she was home.
 Some conjunctions
 Memory clue:
only hook clauses.
They include: She is cute _____ she
smiles.
when, as, if, since,
because, while, after,
although, before
 Conjunctions
 Words which “hook together” words,
phrases, or sentences.
 Some conjunctions only hook clauses.
 Adverbs
 Describe verbs,  She quickly ran to
adjectives, or other her extremely tired
adverbs. friend and gave him
a very big hug.
 Adverbs
 Describe verbs,  Soon the very able
adjectives, or other pilot confidently flew
adverbs. west, and thus he
 Answer the adverb almost crashed.
questions: How? When? soon
When? Where? Where? west
Why? Under what How? very,confidently
conditions? Why? thus
What conditions? almost
 Adverbs
 Describe verbs,  Example:
adjectives, or other
adverbs.
The extremely hungry
 Answer the adverb animal howled eerily in
questions: How? the especially dark
When? Where? Why?
Under what conditions?
night.
 Often end in -ly
 Adverbs
 Describe verbs,
adjectives, or other  Example:
adverbs. We do not very often
 Answer the adverb want them here, for
questions: How?
When? Where? Why? they are always late
Under what conditions? and almost never want
 Often end in -ly to go there with us.
 Always adverbs: not
very, often, here,
almost, always,
never, there
 Adverbs
 Describe verbs, adjectives, or other
adverbs.
 Answer the adverb questions: How?
When? Where? Why? Under what
conditions?
 Often end in -ly
 Always adverbs: not very, often, here,
almost, always, never, there
 Interjections
 Words which show  Example:
emotion or are Oh, I am surprised, but
“fillers” with no other please don’t do it
function.
again. Ouch, you hurt
me.
 Verb Tenses
What do verbs show?
Verbs show us the ACTION or state of BEING in a sentence.
What are the 3 main parts of a verb?
•Present
•Past
•Future
 Present Tense

This form of a verb is used by itself for present tense or with the
helping word WILL to make it future tense.

Ex. I talk.
Talk is the present tense of the verb. It shows I talk now.

I will talk tomorrow.

Will talk is the future tense of the verb. It shows I will talk in the
future.
 Past Tense

This form of a verb is written with the -ed ending to show the
action happened in the past.

Ex. I talked yesterday.

Talked shows the action happened in the past. It is the past tense
of the verb to talk.
 Perfect Tenses

Now add the word perfect behind each tense:

•Present perfect
•Past perfect
•Future perfect

They are almost like the other three tenses, but the perfect tenses
use a helping verb along with the main verb.
 Present Perfect Tense

Let’s look at some examples:

I have talked all morning.

BIG CLUE: Present Perfect Tense Verbs have the helping verb
HAVE or HAS plus a past tense verb.

This shows the present perfect tense.

The action started in the past but is still going on now or has
recently been finished.
 Past Perfect Tense

I had talked all morning.

BIG CLUE: Past Perfect Tense Verbs have the helping

verb HAD plus a past tense verb.

This shows the past perfect tense.

The action started in the past and was finished in the
past.
It’s over!
It’s past!
 Future Perfect Tense

By noon, I will have talked all morning.

BIG CLUE: Future Perfect Tense Verbs have the

helping verb WILL HAVE plus a past tense verb.

This shows the future perfect tense.

The action will start soon and continue into the future.
It will stop at a specific time.
 Present Perfect Tenses

Let’s look at it again.

If you use the helping verbs Has or Have, you are using the
present perfect tense of the verb.

John has started first grade today.

John started first grade already (in the past) and is still in first
grade.

We have worked on the fence for three days.

We started working on the fence (in the past) and are still working
on it.
 Past Perfect Tenses

Let’s look at it again.

If you use the helping verb Had, you are using the past perfect
tense of the verb. The action started in the past and was finished
in the past.

John had gone to the grocery store.

John went to the grocery store and is not there anymore.

They had worked on the fence for three days.

They worked on the fence for three days and are finished.
 Future Perfect Tenses

Let’s look at it again.

If you use the helping verb Will Have, you are using the
future perfect tense of the verb. The action will start
soon and continue into the future.

John will have gone to the grocery store this afternoon.

John will go to the grocery store soon. (not yet)

They will have worked on the fence for three days.

They will work on the fence for three days. (not yet)
 Practice
Decide which is past, present, or future perfect.

The joke had made everyone laugh.

The cat will have run under the car’s tire.

I have jumped over the puddle.

 Practice
Write past, present, or future perfect for each with your partner.

1. Emily will have played the piano for Grandma all morning.
2. My class had painted our murals.
3. Rosemary will have walked past my house going to school.
4. I had learned to fish by watching Uncle Dan.
 Practice
Write past, present, or future perfect for each on your own.

5. You will have jumped off the diving board.

6. The parrot has chirped to tell me a story.
7. Jacob and Sue had skipped the bus stop.
8. Mrs. Zeller’s classes have bounced on the moon bounce
today.
NOTES:
Present Perfect Tense Verbs
* HAVE or HAS + past tense verb.
* The action started in the past but is still going on now
or has recently been finished.
Example: I have talked all morning.
Past Perfect Tense Verbs
* HAD plus a past tense verb.
* The action started in the past and was finished in the
past. It’s over! It’s past!
Example: I had talked all morning.
Future Perfect Tense Verbs
* WILL HAVE plus a past tense verb.
* The action will start soon and continue into the future.
It will stop at a specific time.
Example: By noon, I will have talked all morning.
Determiners go before nouns. There are
four kinds of determiners:

 Articles (a, an, the)

 Quantifiers (a lot of, a few, some, etc.)
 Demonstrative Adjectives (this, that,
these, those)
 Possessive Adjectives (my, your, his,
etc.)
Use a or an (the indefinite article) with singular
count nouns to express a general meaning.
Use a or an when the thing you are referring
to is not specific, and the reader does not
know what you are referring to.
 I bought a book last night. (We don’t know which
book.)

 You should bring an umbrella. (It doesn’t matter

which umbrella you bring.)
A noncount noun usually cannot occur
with a or an.

Homework takes a lot of my time.

Not
A homework takes a lot of my time.
A count noun is always preceded by a,
an, the or another determiner.

I ate an / the / your apple.

Not
I ate apple.
No article (Ø) is used with plural count
nouns and noncount nouns to express
general meaning.

 Movies are my favorite way to relax.

 I think that honesty is important.
Generally, do not use articles with proper
nouns—names of people, places, and
things.

Luis is originally from Caracas,

Venezuela, but now he lives in the
United States.
The (the definite article) is used to express
specific meaning with all three kinds of
nouns—singular, plural, and noncount. In this
case, the reader knows which thing you are
referring to in your writing.
 The assignment in history is interesting.
 The door was locked.
 The trains are often crowded at this time of
day.
 He gave us the information that we needed.
Use the definite article the in the following
cases:
1. with superlatives (the best, the cheapest, the
most, the least, etc.)
The fastest runner finished in 10 minutes.
2. with ordinal numbers (the first, the second,
etc.)
I didn’t understand the second question.
3. with same
We have the same math class this semester.
She made the same mistakes as I did.
In general, select a, an, or no article when
using a noun for the first time and the (or
another determiner) every time afterwards.
 I put a book in your room. The book is on
your desk.
 We saw a great movie last night. The
movie was about space aliens.
 They bought furniture last night. The
furniture will be delivered tomorrow.
See summary chart of article usage.
Correct the errors involving articles.
1. My sister read the good book last
week.
2. I took an exam yesterday. An exam
was hard.
3. Albert Einstein had intelligence
necessary to change the 20th century.
4. Parents teach their children about the
life.
5. I answered last question incorrectly.
Use quantifiers before nouns to indicate
an amount or number.

 We bought two books and several

magazines.
 My neighbors have a lot of children.
Quantifiers that can be used with plural
count nouns include:
 few
 a few
 several
 some
 many
 a lot of / lots of
Note the difference between few and a
few:

 She has few friends. (meaning: She has

almost not friends.)

 She had a few friends before. (meaning:

She had some or a small number of friends.)
Quantifiers that can be used with
noncount count nouns include:
 little
 a little
 some
 much
 a lot of / lots of
Note the difference between little and a
little:

 He gave me little help. (meaning: He gave

almost no help or not enough.)

 He gave me a little help. (meaning: He gave

me some, or a small amount, of help.)
Any often replaces some in questions and
negative statements.

 Did you have any problems with the

assignment?
 No, I didn’t have any problems, but
some questions were tricky.
Much is often used with noncount nouns
in questions and negative statements. It
is unusual in affirmative statements.
Use a lot of instead of much in
affirmative statements.
Did you get much sleep last night?
No, I didn’t get much sleep, but the night
before I got a lot of sleep.
Each and every are followed by singular
count nouns and singular verbs.

 Every student meets with a counselor

once a year.

 Every college charges a different

amount for books.
Each of and one of the are followed by
plural count nouns. The verb remains
singular.

 Each of the students plans to take the

final.

 One of the students is not finished yet.

 Demonstrative Adjectives

Use this and that with singular count nouns and

with noncount nouns. Use these and those
with plural count nouns.
 This test is very difficult.
 That furniture looks beautiful in your house.
 These courses are at the beginning level.
 Did you pay a lot for those shoes?
 Possessive Adjectives
The possessive adjectives are:
 my
 your
 his
 her
 its
 our
 their
 Possessive Adjectives

Use possessive adjectives before nouns.

They can come before any kind of noun.
 My parents live in Cairo.
 We need to include their information in
the report.
 Important!

Don’t confuse the possessive adjective its

with it’s, the contraction of it is.

Its (the college’s) teachers are the best in the

city. It’s (it is) the best college in the state.
 Another and Other

Use another with singular count nouns. It

means “one in addition to the one(s)
already mentioned.”
 My older brother lives in Los Angeles,
and I have another brother living in New
York.
 Another and Other

Use other with plural count nouns and with

noncount nouns. It means “more or several
more in addition to the the one(s) already
mentioned.”
 I’ve already finished, and other students have
finished too. (some in addition to me, but not all)
 He found other information for his paper.
 Another and Other

Use the other with singular or plural count

nouns. It means “the rest of a specific
group.”
 I finished, and the other student
finished, too.
 I finished, and all the other students
finished, too. (all the students)