• 3 carbons : triose
• 4 carbons : tetrose
• 5 carbons : pentose
• 6 carbons : hexose
• 7 carbons : heptulose
Monosaccarida
Nomenclatur Monosaccharida
dihydroxyacetone D-glyceraldehyde
Berdasarkan gugus fungsi :
OH O OH
HO HO HO
OH OH OH
OH OH OH
Galactose Glucose
Ribose
Polyhydroxyketone
R R
Hexose: aldo & keto
R
R R
ALDOSE
KETOSE
ISOMER
Atom Carbon Chiral
1 atom C asymmetric
Atom C asimetrik
1. ENANTIOMER
Are these compounds the same?
Enantiomer Glyceraldehyde
HO OH OH
HO OH OH
OH HO HO
OH HO HO
OH
CH2OH
2. STEREOISOMER
Isomer Karbohidrat
– Glucose
– Fructose
– Galactose
3. ANOMER
Glucose
Proyeksi Fischer
Rantai terbuka glucose
α-D-glucopyranose β-D-glucopyranose
Proyeksi Haworth Proyeksi Haworth
Glucose
furanose pyranose
O OH
O
OH
furan 4H-pyran
O
O
Konfigurasi Anomerik
ring formation gives rise to an additional stereo-centre
OH OH
O O
HO HO
HO HO OH
CHO
OH OH
OH
OH
-D-glucopyranose HO
-D-glucopyranose
OH
CH2OH CH2OH
OH OH
HO O HO O
CH2OH
OH OH
OH
OH OH
-D-glucofuranose -D-glucofuranose
Monosakarida
• Gula sederhana
• Glucosa C6H12O6
• Fructosa C6H12O6
• Galactosa C6H12O6
Proyeksi Fischer
galactose
Galactose Glucose
Proyeksi Fischer
galactose
C C C C C
Galactose Glucose
Disaccharida
– Disaccharida
• Dua
monosaccharida
yang disatukan
dengan ikatan
kovalent
IKATAN
glikosidik
SUCROSE (glucose-fructose)
MALTOSE (glucose-glucose)
CH2OH CH2OH
O O CH2OH CH2OH
1 2 O O
OH
O
CH2 OH 1 4 * reducing
O
-1,2-bond OH OH
-1,4-bond
LACTOSE (galactose-glucose) TREHALOSE (glucose-glucose)
CH2OH CH2OH
OH CH2OH CH2OH
O O O O
1
O
4 * reducing 1 1
OH O
OH OH
-1,4-bond -1,1-bond
1→2
Maltose
1→4
Lactose
(1→4)
Hydrolysis Disaccharide
Struktur polisakarida
amylum
selulosa
selulosa
Perbedaan selulosa dan amylum
SIFAT FISIK KARBOHIDRAT
• Apabila berkas cahaya yang terpolarisasi –
bidang dilewatkan pada larutan isomer
optis, maka cahaya tersebut akan terotasi
ke kanan (dektrorotatorik/ +) atau ke kiri
(levorotatorik/-).
• Jadi sebuah senyawa dapat disebut D(+),
D(-), L(+),danL (-).
• Rasemik = campuran D&L dlm jumlah
yang sama (mis : sintetis)
UJI KARBOHIDRAT
Selliwanoff
L R
Blood group sugar