Preteen

Chapter 16: Nurturing and Teaching Preschoolers
Preschoolers have
• increased mobility.
• improved motor skills.
• expanding vocabulary and language skills.
Preschooler social development includes

• making friends.
• cooperative play.
• dealing with conflict.
Child Care Today, Chapter 16: Nurturing and Teaching Preschoolers 1

Preview of Preschoolers
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vdla
QTS76VU
2
Development and Care

• Preschoolers are children between the ages of
three and five years.
• Preschoolers are ready and eager to learn.
• Larger group settings offer opportunities for
preschoolers to play and interact with others.

Physical Development
• Growth is slow and gradual.
• Appetites are small.
• Nutrition is especially
important.
• Children begin to lose
babylike features.
• Heart rate slows and steadies
• Blood pressure increases
• Digestive tract matures, lags
behind other organs

Motor Development
• Small and large motor skills are refined and complex.
• Preschoolers master greater control of their bodies.
• Activities and skills include
• running, galloping, hopping, and climbing.
• balance beam.
• Standing on one foot – static (6)
• ball throwing. (7)
• swaying to music; learning rhythms and dances.
• bicycle riding. – dynamic (6)
Fine-Motor Development
3 year olds 4 year olds 5 year olds
Builds uneven tower of Cuts on line with Folds paper along the
blocks scissors (9) diagonal
Pours water from a Washes hands Copies a square and a
pitcher triangle
Copies a circle Copies a letter t Traces a diamond
shape
Draws a straight line Makes a few letters Laces shoes and may
tie them (10)
6
Average Heights and Weights of Preschoolers

Average Heights and Weights of Preschoolers

Perceptual Motor Development
• Hand-eye coordination and smaller motor skills
increase.
• Activities and skills include
• using crayons and paintbrushes
to create shapes and pictures.
• writing letters of the alphabet.
• simple cooking tasks.

Types of Play
• Play with Objects
– Symbolic Play: engage in “fantasy play”
• Pretend
• Project mental images on objects
– Example: a stick can become a horse
• Play with People

– Associative play: two or more children play
a common activity
• Not organized
10
Red Light, Green Light
• Red Light: Static Balance
• Green Light: Dynamic Balance
11
Read, Discuss, Analyze
Three-year-old Garrett and five-year-old Tony love to
play with blocks. Their parents encourage them to build
towers. Sometimes Garrett’s block towers are crooked,
while Tony’s are straight. Yesterday, Garrett’s father
challenged the boys to build tall towers. Garret’s tower
toppled to the floor, while Tony’s stood tall.
• What might account for the differences between

Garrett’s and Tony’s block towers?
12
Read, Discuss, and Analyze
True or False
1.Tony’s fine-motor skills are more developed than
Garrett’s.
2.The boys’ father should expect both boys’ block
towers to be equal.
3.Garrett’s fine-motor development seems typical for a
three-year-old.
4.The story identified age differences in gross-motor
skills.
13
Intellectual Development
• Intellectual abilities become more refined.
• Attention span lengthens.
• Curiosity leads to observation, analysis, problem solving,
and recognizing cause and effect.
• Memory and ability to anticipate events increase.
• Preschoolers can make more complex decisions and
improve game-playing skills.

Classification and Centration
• Classification is categorizing objects according to
similarities.
• Preoperational thought limits preschoolers’ focus to
one characteristic at a time (centration).
• Preschoolers generally consider one quality at a time.

Numbers, Counting, and Time
• Younger preschoolers are capable of rote counting.
• Older preschoolers are capable of rational counting.
• Children must comprehend the math concept of one-
to-one correspondence before they can count
accurately.
• Preschoolers are beginning to understand now, later,
yesterday, today, and tomorrow, but not clocks or
calendars.

Conservation
• Conservation is difficult for preschoolers to
grasp because their understanding is limited by
what can be seen.
• Preschoolers do not consider size, shape, and
volume when determining amounts.

Language Development
• Preschoolers understand more words than they
can speak.
• Reinforcement, encouragement, and good
examples from caregivers promote language
development.
• Language becomes more expressive, with facial
expressions, gestures, and tone of voice.

Grammar and Pronunciation
• Children gradually
learn grammar and
pronunciation rules
and exceptions.
• Early childhood
educators should
focus on content rather
than on grammar or
speech mechanics.

Stuttering
• It is not unusual for preschoolers to leave long
pauses between words or to repeat a sound or a
word many times. This is a result of thinking
ability exceeding speaking ability.
• True stuttering may require a referral to a
speech-language pathologist.

Bilingual Development
Because of early brain development, preschoolers can
master multiple languages more easily than adults. To
encourage bilingual development,
• use names correctly.
• use cultural greeting songs.
• label learning centers.
• use languages at snack time.
• play ethnic music at nap time.
• use a child’s first language at departure time.
Emotional Development
• Because of improved language
skills, preschoolers can identify
feelings and vent emotions with
words rather than with physical
outbursts.
• Empathy and compassion begin to
develop.
• Empathy Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
ziBfvZVVNSE

Self-Esteem
• Self-esteem comes from
taking pride in
accomplishments.
• Self-esteem increases as
self-help skills develop.
• Independence and self-worth
motivate children to
accomplish more.

Gender Identity and Roles
• Preschoolers learn who they are as males and
females by observing and copying adults.
• Early childhood professionals need to show the
full potential of both genders.
• Promote diversity and encourage self-esteem by
including children in all activities, according to
their interests and abilities.

Building Resilience
• Early childhood professionals can promote
preschoolers’ resilience.
• Resilience is the ability to develop and to thrive in
times of hardship and crisis.
• Consistent, reliable routines help preschoolers feel
relaxed, secure, and better able to cope with changes
and challenges.

Social Development
Forming Friendships
• Through play, preschoolers
develop social skills.
• Preschoolers become more
comfortable engaging in
cooperative play.
• Friendships are usually
temporary.
• Preschoolers often “bribe”
other children into friendship.
• Making Friends:
http://www.youtube.com/watch 26
Child Care Today, Chapter 16: Nurturing and Teaching Preschoolers
?v=ASdj7IGc8aQ
Social Development
Dealing with Conflict
• Conflicts usually arise over toys and personal
property.
• Name-calling is common at this stage.
• Teachers should help children recognize and
accept their feelings by naming and describing
them for the child.

Social Development
Influence of Social Play
• Social play influences intellectual and social
development.
• As children play with others who are socially
competent, they learn to act according to their
culture’s specific rules.
• Social play helps children increase their thinking
and problem-solving skills.

Managing Preschool Programs

• Early childhood
programs must offer
many chances for
children to refine their
skills so they can reach
their full potential.
• As preschoolers’ skills
develop, they require
more freedom to make
independent choices.

Managing Daily Schedules and Routines

A typical routine might include
• arrival.
• meals and snacks.
• personal hygiene.
• morning group meetings.
• large-group experiences.
• activity times for individual and small-group learning.
• field trips.
• toy cleanup times and nap or rest time.
• departure.
Nurturing Physical Development

• More complex small and large motor
coordination skills and refined coordination
allow preschoolers to enjoy a wider variety of
games, physical activities, and challenges.
• Teachers nurture physical development by
providing children activities that expand their
skills in all developmental areas.
• Children refine their coordination when they
use art materials, writing instruments, and
computer mouses.

Nurturing Intellectual Development

The process of learning to recognize and
understand abstract symbols that represent
spoken words is the beginning of literacy.
literacy
The ability to read and write language.

Nurturing Intellectual Development

• Preschoolers develop literacy skills rapidly.
• Daily encounters with sensory materials in both
indoor and outdoor environments stimulate brain
development.
• Teachers provide children with hands-on
experiences that encourage thinking skills.
• Teachers provide opportunities for children to
observe, describe, and make sense of new shapes,
textures, sounds, and tastes.
• Teachers prompt children to explain, compare, and
contrast their experiences.

Nurturing Emotional Development

• Improved language skills help preschoolers
deal more effectively with frustrations.
• Teachers nurture emotional development by
helping children cope with emotional events
through empathy rather than distraction.
• Preschoolers need many opportunities to
express their emotions and ideas.

Nurturing Social Development

• Teachers nurture social
development by offering
activities that require
cooperation and
teamwork.
• Through cooperative play,
preschoolers refine their
social skills.


Child care teachers can encourage
preschoolers’ cooperative learning skills by
introducing a wide variety of play materials
that require more advanced thinking skills.
cooperative learning
The ability to cooperatively investigate
a specific topic of interest with others.


Cooperative Learning
To encourage cooperative-learning skills,
• create learning centers that encourage group play.
• provide play materials that require refined
perceptual motor skills.
• plan projects that require teamwork.
• conduct activities that allow children to make plans
and decisions together.


Community Awareness
To encourage community awareness,
• plan field trips.
• use community resources to expand the curriculum.
• invite community members to the class.
• include children in community service projects.
• draw attention to basic rules communities set for
behavior.

Review Key Concepts

Describe the physical, intellectual, emotional, and
social development of preschoolers.
Physical Intellectual Emotional Social
• slow and • increased • increased • friendships
gradual attention span range of develop
• small • can focus on one experiences • conflicts arise
appetites characteristic at • empathy, • social play
• greater body a time compassion, increases
control • beginning to resiliency, and
• increased understand self-esteem
perceptual numbers develop
motor • rapid language
development development
leads to literacy

Review Key Concepts
Identify features of preschool programs.
• Early childhood programs must offer preschoolers many

chances to refine their skills so that children may reach their
full learning potential.
• Preschool programs should include a predictable daily routine
and plenty of opportunities for the teacher to nurture children in
all areas of development.

Review Key Concepts
Explain how preschoolers develop literacy.

• Preschoolers’ greater intellectual capacity allows them to
recognize and understand abstract symbols that represent
spoken words.
• That process includes the beginning steps toward achieving
the ability to read and write language (literacy).
• Preschoolers use more detailed and expressive language.
• They begin to ask more questions about others’ activities
rather than only making simple statements about their own
play.

End of
Chapter 16
Nurturing and
Teaching
Preschoolers
42

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Chapter 16: Nurturing and Teaching Preschoolers

Preschooler social development includes

Child Care Today, Chapter 16: Nurturing and Teaching Preschoolers 1

Development and Care

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Average Heights and Weights of Preschoolers

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Average Heights and Weights of Preschoolers

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• Play with People

• What might account for the differences between

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Managing Preschool Programs

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Managing Daily Schedules and Routines

Nurturing Physical Development

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Nurturing Intellectual Development

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Nurturing Intellectual Development

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Nurturing Emotional Development

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Nurturing Social Development

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Nurturing Social Development

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Nurturing Social Development

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Nurturing Social Development

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Review Key Concepts

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Review Key Concepts

Identify features of preschool programs.

• Early childhood programs must offer preschoolers many

Child Care Today, Chapter 16: Nurturing and Teaching Preschoolers 40

Review Key Concepts

Explain how preschoolers develop literacy.

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